Preface |
Introduction to the Organic Laboratory |
Safety in the Laboratory / 1: |
The Laboratory Notebook / 2: |
Laboratory Equipment / 3: |
Crystallization / Technique 1: |
Solvents for Crystallization / 1.1: |
Steps in Crystallization / 1.2: |
Supplemental Procedures / 1.3: |
Melting Points / Technique 2: |
Characteristics of Melting Points / 2.1: |
Melting-Point Apparatus / 2.2: |
Steps in Determining a Melting Point / 2.3: |
Extraction / 2.4: |
Immiscible Liquids / 3.1: |
Distribution Coefficients / 3.2: |
Extraction Solvents / 3.3: |
Chemically Active Extraction / 3.4: |
Steps in Extraction / 3.5: |
Additional Techniques Used in Extractions / 3.6: |
Other Extraction Techniques / 3.7: |
Drying Organic Solutions / Technique 4: |
Extraction with Aqueous Sodium Chloride / 4.1: |
Solid Inoranic Drying Agents / 4.2: |
Procedure for Using Solid Inorganic Drying Agents / 4.3: |
Azeotropic Drying / 4.4: |
Simple Distillation / Technique 5: |
Characteristics of Distillation / 5.1: |
Steps in a Simple Distillation / 5.2: |
Microscale and Semi-Microscale Distillation / 5.3: |
Fractional Distillation / Technique 6: |
Efficiency of the Fractionation Column / 6.1: |
Steps in Fractional Distillation / 6.2: |
Microscale Fractional Distillation / 6.3: |
Vacuum Distillation / Technique 7: |
Boiling Point and Pressure / 7.1: |
Apparatus for Simple Vacuum Distillation / 7.2: |
Steps in Vacuum Distillation / 7.3: |
Steam Distillation / Technique 8: |
Characteristics of Steam Distillation / 8.1: |
Amount of Water Needed in a Steam Distillation / 8.2: |
Apparatus for Steam Distillation / 8.3: |
Sublimation / Technique 9: |
Atmospheric Sublimation / 9.1: |
Vacuum Sublimation / 9.2: |
Refractive Index / Technique 10: |
Correcting for Temperature Differences / 10.1: |
Steps in Using a Refractometer / 10.2: |
Column Chromatography / Technique 11: |
Gravity Column Chromatography / 11.1: |
Flash Chromatography (Macroscale) / 11.2: |
Flash Chromatography (Microscale) / 11.3: |
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) / 11.4: |
Thin-Layer Chromatography / Technique 12: |
The R[subscript f] Value / 12.1: |
Equipment for TLC / 12.2: |
Steps in a TLC Analysis / 12.3: |
A Related Technique: Paper Chromatography / 12.4: |
Gas Chromatography / Technique 13: |
The Gas Chromatography / 13.1: |
Steps in a GC Analysis / 13.3: |
Problems Encountered in GC / 13.4: |
Uses of Gas Chromatograms / 13.5: |
Carrying Out Typical Reactions / Technique 14: |
Stirring / 14.1: |
Heating Reaction Mixtures / 14.2: |
Controlling Exothermic Reactions / 14.3: |
Adding Reagents to a Reaction Mixture / 14.4: |
Excluding Moisture from a Reaction Mixture / 14.5: |
Setting Up a Three-Neck Reaction Flask / 14.6: |
Hydrogen Halide Gas Traps / 14.7: |
Infrared Spectroscopy / Technique 15: |
The Infrared Spectrum / 15.1: |
Absorption of Infrared Radiation / 15.2: |
Interpreting Infrared Spectra / 15.3: |
Identifying Types of Compounds / 15.4: |
Preparing a Sample for an Infrared Spectrum / 15.5: |
Instrumentation / 15.6: |
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Technique 16: |
The NMR Spectrum / 16.1: |
Interpreting NMR Spectra / 16.2: |
Use of Deuterium in Proton NMR Spectroscopy / 16.3: |
NMR Spectra of Unknowns / 16.4: |
The NMR Spectrometer / 16.5: |
Preparing Samples for NMR Spectra / 16.6: |
The Chemical Literature / Technique 17: |
Introduction to the Chemical Literature / 17.1: |
Secondary Literature / 17.2: |
Primary Literature / 17.3: |
Commonly Used Calculations / Appendix I: |
Molarity |
Normality |
Dilutions |
Percent Concentrations / 4: |
Percent Yields and Theoretical Yields / 5: |
Elemental Analyses / Appendix II: |
Determining the Empirical Formula |
Determining the Molecular Formula |
Interpreting the Results of Elemental Analysis |
Degree of Unsaturation |
Health Hazards of Compounds Used in Organic Chemistry / Appendix III: |
Where to Find Chemical Hazard Information |
Understanding Health Hazard Warnings |
Preface |
Introduction to the Organic Laboratory |
Safety in the Laboratory / 1: |