About the Authors |
Foreword / Joseph Goodman |
Acknowledgments / Trevor Hall |
Acronyms |
Introduction |
Why a Book on Digital Optics? |
Digital versus Analog |
What are Digital Optics? |
The Realm of Digital Optics |
Supplementary Material |
From Refraction to Diffraction / 1: |
Refraction and Diffraction Phenomena / 1.1: |
Understanding the Diffraction Phenomenon / 1.2: |
No More Parasitic Effects / 1.3: |
From Refractive Optics to Diffractive Optics / 1.4: |
From Diffractive Optics to Digital Optics / 1.5: |
Are Diffractives and Refractives Interchangeable Elements? / 1.6: |
Classification of Digital Optics / 2: |
Early Digital Optics / 2.1: |
Guided-wave Digital Optics / 2.2: |
Free-space Digital Optics / 2.3: |
Hybrid Digital Optics / 2.4: |
From Optical Fibers to Planar Lightwave Circuits (PLCs) / 3: |
Light Propagation in Waveguides / 3.2: |
The Optical Fiber / 3.3: |
The Dielectric Slab Waveguide / 3.4: |
Channel Waveguides / 3.5: |
PLC In- and Out-coupling / 3.6: |
Functionality Integration / 3.7: |
Refractive Micro-optics / 4: |
Micro-optics in Nature / 4.1: |
GRIN Lenses / 4.2: |
Surface-relief Micro-optics / 4.3: |
Micro-optics Arrays / 4.4: |
Digital Diffractive Optics: Analytic Type / 5: |
Analytic and Numeric Digital Diffractives / 5.1: |
The Notion of Diffraction Orders / 5.2: |
Diffraction Gratings / 5.3: |
Diffractive Optical Elements / 5.4: |
Diffractive Interferogram Lenses / 5.5: |
Digital Diffractive Optics: Numeric Type / 6: |
Computer-generated Holograms / 6.1: |
Designing CGHs / 6.2: |
Multiplexing CGHs / 6.3: |
Various CGH Functionality Implementations / 6.4: |
Why Combine Different Optical Elements? / 7: |
Analysis of Lens Aberrations / 7.2: |
Improvement of Optical Functionality / 7.3: |
The Generation of Novel Optical Functionality / 7.4: |
Waveguide-based Hybrid Optics / 7.5: |
Reducing Weight, Size and Cost / 7.6: |
Specifying Hybrid Optics in Optical CAD/CAM / 7.7: |
A Parametric Design Example of Hybrid Optics via Ray-tracing Techniques / 7.8: |
Digital Holographic Optics / 8: |
Conventional Holography / 8.1: |
Different Types of Holograms I85 / 8.2: |
Unique Features of Holograms / 8.3: |
Modeling the Behavior of Volume Holograms / 8.4: |
HOE Lenses / 8.5: |
HOE Design Tools / 8.6: |
Holographic Origination Techniques / 8.7: |
Holographic Materials for HOEs / 8.8: |
Other Holographic Techniques / 8.9: |
Dynamic Digital Optics / 9: |
An Introduction to Dynamic Digital Optics / 9.1: |
Switchable Digital Optics / 9.2: |
Tunable Digital Optics / 9.3: |
Reconfigurable Digital Optics / 9.4: |
Digital Software Lenses: Wavefront Coding / 9.5: |
Digital Nano-optics / 10: |
The Concept of 'Nano' in Optics / 10.1: |
Sub-wavelength Gratings / 10.2: |
Modeling Sub-wavelength Gratings / 10.3: |
Engineering Effective Medium Optical Elements / 10.4: |
Form Birefringence Materials / 10.5: |
Guided Mode Resonance Gratings / 10.6: |
Surface Plasmonics / 10.7: |
Photonic Crystals / 10.8: |
Optical Metamaterials / 10.9: |
Digital Optics Modeling Techniques / 11: |
Tools Based on Ray Tracing / 11.1: |
Scalar Diffraction Based Propagators / 11.2: |
Beam Propagation Modeling (BPM) Methods / 11.3: |
Nonparaxial Diffraction Regime Issues / 11.4: |
Rigorous Electromagnetic Modeling Techniques / 11.5: |
Digital Optics Design and Modeling Tools Available Today / 11.6: |
Practical Paraxial Numeric Modeling Examples / 11.7: |
Digital Optics Fabrication Techniques / 12: |
Holographic Origination / 12.1: |
Diamond Tool Machining / 12.2: |
Photo-reduction / 12.3: |
Microlithographic Fabrication of Digital Optics / 12.4: |
Micro-refractive Element Fabrication Techniques / 12.5: |
Direct Writing Techniques / 12.6: |
Gray-scale Optical Lithography / 12.7: |
Front/Back Side Wafer Alignments and Wafer Stacks / 12.8: |
A Summary of Fabrication Techniques / 12.9: |
Design for Manufacturing / 13: |
The Lithographic Challenge / 13.1: |
Software Solutions: Reticle Enhancement Techniques / 13.2: |
Hardware Solutions / 13.3: |
Process Solutions / 13.4: |
Replication Techniques for Digital Optics / 14: |
The LIGA Process / 14.1: |
Mold Generation Techniques / 14.2: |
Embossing Techniques / 14.3: |
The UV Casting Process / 14.4: |
Injection Molding Techniques / 14.5: |
The Sol-Gel Process / 14.6: |
The Nano-replication Process / 14.7: |
A Summary of Replication Technologies / 14.8: |
Specifying and Testing Digital Optics / 15: |
Fabless Lithographic Fabrication Management / 15.1: |
Specifying the Fabrication Process / 15.2: |
Fabrication Evaluation / 15.3: |
Optical Functionality Evaluation / 15.4: |
Digital Optics Application Pools / 16: |
Heavy Industry / 16.1: |
Defense, Security and Space / 16.2: |
Clean Energy / 16.3: |
Factory Automation / 16.4: |
Optical Telecoms / 16.5: |
Biomedical Applications / 16.6: |
Entertainment and Marketing / 16.7: |
Consumer Electronics / 16.8: |
Summary / 16.9: |
The Future of Digital Optics / 16.10: |
Conclusion |
Rigorous Theory of Diffraction / Appendix A: |
Maxwell's Equations / A.l: |
Wave Propagation and the Wave Equation / A.2: |
Towards a Scalar Field Representation / A.3: |
The Scalar Theory of Diffraction / Appendix B: |
Full Scalar Theory / B.l: |
Scalar Diffraction Models for Digital Optics / B.2: |
Extended Scalar Models / B.3: |
FFTs and DFTs in Optics / Appendix C: |
The Fourier Transform in Optics Today / C.l: |
Conditions for the Existence of the Fourier Transform / C.2: |
The Complex Fourier Transform / C.3: |
The Discrete Fourier Transform / C.4: |
The Properties of the Fourier Transform and Examples in Optics / C.5: |
Other Transforms / C.6: |
Index |
Foreword by Professor |
Digital Hybrid Optics |
Different Types of Holograms |
The Concept of Nanoin Optics |
Maxwel's Equations / A.1: |
About the Authors |
Foreword / Joseph Goodman |
Acknowledgments / Trevor Hall |