| Preface |
| International Development Resources on the Internet |
| Development and Growth / Part 1： |
| Patterns of Development / 1： |
| Three Vignettes |
| Malaysia |
| Ethiopia |
| Ukraine |
| Development and Globalization |
| Rich and Poor Countries |
| Growth and Development |
| Diversity in Development Achievements |
| Approaches to Development |
| The Study of Development Economics |
| Organization |
| Summary |
| Measuring Economic Growth and Development / 2： |
| Measuring Economic Growth |
| Measuring GDP: What Is Left Out? |
| Exchange-Rate Conversion Problems |
| Economic Growth around the World: A Brief Overview |
| tared diamond: guns, germs, and steel |
| Economic Growth, 1970-2010 |
| What Do We Mean by Economic Development? |
| Measuring Economic Development |
| Human Development Defined |
| Why Use Logarithms? |
| What Can We Learn from the Human Development Index? |
| Millennium Development Goals |
| Targets of the Millennium Development Goals |
| Is Economic Growth Desirable? |
| Economic Growth: Concepts and Patterns / 3： |
| Divergent Patterns of Economic Growth since 1960 |
| Botswana's Remarkable Economic Development |
| Factor Accumulation, Productivity, and Economic Growth |
| Calculating, Future Values, Growth Rates, and Doubling Times |
| Saving, Investment, and Capital Accumulation |
| Sources of Growth Analysis |
| Characteristics of Rapidly Growing Countries |
| Macroeconomic and Political Stability |
| Investment in Health and Education |
| Effective Governance and Institutions |
| Institutions, Governance, and Growth |
| Favorable Environment for Private Enterprise / 4： |
| Trade, Openness, and Growth / 5： |
| Favorable Geography / 6： |
| Theories of Economic Growth |
| The Basic Growth Model |
| The Harrod-Domar Growth Model |
| The Fixed-Coefficient Production Function |
| The Capital-Output Ratio and the Harrod-Domar Framework |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of the Harrod-Domar Framework |
| Economic Growth in Thailand |
| The Solow (Neoclassical) Growth Model |
| The Neoclassical Production Function |
| The Basic Equations of the Solow Model |
| The Solow Diagram |
| Changes in the Saving Rate and Population Growth Rate in the Solow Model |
| Population Growth and Economic Growth |
| Technological Change in the Solow Model |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of the Solow Framework |
| Diminishing Returns and the Production Function |
| Explaining Differences in Growth Rates |
| The Convergence Debate |
| Beyond Solow: New Approaches to Growth |
| States and Markets |
| Development Thinking after World War II |
| Market Failure |
| Fundamental Changes in the 1970s and 1980s |
| Ghana After Independence |
| The Declining Effectiveness of Government Intervention in the Market: Korea, 1960s-2010 |
| Structural Adjustment, the Washington Consensus, and the End of the Soviet Model |
| Soviet Command Model to Market Economies: The Great Transition |
| Was the Washington Consensus a Success or Failure? |
| Distribution and Human Resources / Part 2： |
| Inequality and Poverty |
| Measuring Inequality |
| Patterns of Inequality |
| Growth and Inequality |
| What Else Might Cause Inequality? |
| Why Inequality Matters |
| Measuring Poverty |
| Poverty Lines |
| National Poverty Lines in Bangladesh, Mexico, and the United States |
| Wily $1.25 a Day? |
| Dissenting Opinions on the Extent of Absolute Poverty |
| Who is Not Poor? |
| Poverty Today |
| Who Are the Poor? |
| Living in Poverty |
| Strategies to Reduce Poverty |
| Growth is Good for the Poor |
| Sometimes Growth May Not Be Enough |
| Pro-Poor Growth |
| Why Should Development Strategies Have a Poverty Focus? |
| Improving Opportunities for the Poor |
| Income Transfers and Safety Nets |
| Global Inequality and the End of Poverty |
| Population / 7： |
| A Brief History of World Population |
| The Demographic Transition |
| The Demographic Situation Today |
| Total Fertility Rates |
| The Demographic Future |
| Population Momentum |
| The Causes of Population Growth |
| Thomas Malthus, Population Pessimist |
| Why Birth Rates Decline |
| Population Growth and Economic Development |
| Population and Accumulation |
| Population Growth, Age Structure, and Dependency Ratios |
| Population and Productivity |
| Population and Market Failures |
| Population Policy |
| Family Planning |
| Authoritarian Approaches |
| Missing Girls, Missing Women |
| Population Issues for the Twenty-First Century |
| Education / 8： |
| Trends and Patterns |
| Stocks and Flows |
| Boys versus Girls |
| Schooling versus Education |
| Education as an Investment |
| The Rate of Return to Schooling |
| Estimated Rates of Return |
| First-Generation Estimates |
| Estimating Rates of Return from Wage Equations |
| Second-Generation Estimates |
| Puzzles |
| Returns to Schooling and Income Opportunities |
| Making Schooling More Productive |
| Underinvestment |
| Misallocation |
| Improving Schools |
| Reducing the Costs of Going to School |
| Mexico's Progresa |
| Inefficient Use of Resources |
| It Is about More than the Money |
| Combating Teacher Absence |
| Health / 9： |
| What Is Health? |
| Life Expectancy |
| Transitions in Global Health |
| The Epidemiologic Transition |
| The Determinants of Improved Health |
| Health, Income, and Growth |
| Income and Health |
| How Beneficent is the Market? A Look at the Modern History of Mortality |
| Health and Productivity |
| Health and Investment |
| Three Critical Diseases |
| Malaria, Yellow Fever, and the Panama Canal |
| HPV/AIDS |
| HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis: Some Basics |
| Malaria |
| Making Markets for Vaccines |
| Tuberculosis |
| What Works? Some Successes in Global Health |
| Preventing HIV/AIDS in Thailand |
| Controlling Tuberculosis in China |
| Eradicating Smallpox |
| Eliminating Polio in Latin America |
| Preventing Deatlis from Diarrheal Disease |
| Lessons Learned |
| Health Challenges |
| Macroeconomic Policies for Development / Part 3： |
| Investment and Savings / 10： |
| Using Investment Productively: Cost-Benefit Analysis |
| Present Value |
| Opportunity Costs |
| Shadow Prices |
| Welfare Weights |
| Barriers to Productive Public and Private Investment |
| Barriers to Doing Business |
| Foreign Direct Investment |
| FDI Patterns and Products |
| Benefits and Drawbacks of FDI |
| FDI and Growth |
| Policies Toward Foreign Direct Investment |
| Savings |
| Household Saving and Consumption |
| Corporate Saving |
| Government Saving |
| Foreign Saving |
| Fiscal Policy / 11： |
| Government Expenditures |
| Categories of Government Expenditures |
| Reining in Fiscal Decentralization in Brazil and China |
| Government Revenue and Taxes |
| Tax Rates and Smuggling: Colombia |
| Taxes on International Trade |
| Sales and Excise Taxes |
| Personal and Corporate Income Taxes |
| New Sources of Tax Revenues |
| Changes in Tax Administration |
| Fundamental Tax Reform |
| Tax Administration in India and Bolivia in the 1980s |
| Indonesian Tax Reform |
| Taxes and Income Distribution |
| Personal Income Taxes |
| Taxes on Luxury Consumption |
| Corporate Income and Property Taxes: The Incidence Problem |
| Economic Efficiency and the Budget |
| Sources of Inefficiency |
| Neutrality and Efficiency: Lessons from Experience |
| Financial Development and Inflation / 12： |
| The Functions of a Financial System |
| Money and the Money Supply |
| Financial Intermediation |
| Transformation and Distribution of Risk |
| Stabilization |
| Inflation |
| Inflation Episodes |
| Hyperinflation in Peru, 1988-90 |
| Monetary Policy and Price Stability |
| Monetary Policy and Exchange-Rate Regimes |
| Sources of Inflation |
| Controlling Inflation through Monetary Policy |
| Reserve Requirements |
| Credit Ceilings |
| Interest-Rate Regulation and Moral Suasion |
| International Debt and Combating Recessions |
| Financial Development |
| Shallow Finance and Deep Finance |
| Shallow Financial Strategy |
| Deep Financial Strategy |
| Informal Credit Markets and Micro Credits Does Micro Credit Reduce Poverty? |
| Foreign Debt and Financial Crises / 13： |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Borrowing |
| Debt Sustainability |
| Debt Indicators |
| From Distress to Default |
| A Short History of Sovereign Lending Default |
| The 1980s Debt Crisis |
| Causes of the Crisis |
| Impact on the Borrowers |
| Escape from the Crisis, for Some Countries |
| The Debt Crisis in Low-Income Countries |
| Debt Reduction in Low-Income Countries |
| The Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative |
| Odious Debt |
| Debt Relief in Uganda |
| Emerging Market Financial Crises |
| Domestic Economic Weaknesses |
| Short-Term Capital Flows |
| Creditor Panic |
| Model of Self-Fulfilling Creditor Panics |
| Stopping Panics |
| Lessons from the Crises |
| Foreign Aid / 14： |
| Donors and Recipients |
| What Is Foreign Aid? |
| Who Gives Aid? |
| The Marshall Plan |
| The Commitment to Development Index |
| Who Receives Foreign Aid? |
| The Motivations for Aid |
| China's Foreign Aid |
| Aid, Growth, and Development |
| View 1. Although Not Always Successful, on Average, Aid Has a Positive Impact on Economic Growth and Development |
| Controlling River Blindness in Sub-Saharan Africa |
| View 2. Aid Has Little or No Effect on Growth and Actually May Undermine Growth |
| Food Aid and Food Production |
| View 3. Aid Has a Conditional Relationship with Growth, Stimulating Growth Only Under Certain Circumstances, Such as in Countries with Good Policies or Institutions |
| Donor Relationships with Recipient Countries |
| The Principal-Agent Problem |
| Conditionality |
| Improving Aid Effectiveness |
| Managing Short-Run Crises in an Open Economy / 15： |
| Equilibrium in a Small, Open Economy |
| Internal and External Balance |
| Real Versus Nominal Exchange Rates |
| The Phase Diagram |
| Equilibrium and Disequilibrium |
| Pioneering Stabilization: Chile, 1973-84 |
| Stabilization Policies |
| Applications of the Australian Model |
| Dutch Disease |
| Recovering from Mismanagement: Ghana, 1983-91 |
| Debt Repayment Crisis |
| Stabilization Package: Inflation and a Deficit |
| The Greek Debt Crisis of 2010-12 |
| Drought, Hurricanes, and Earthquakes |
| Appendix to Chapter 15: National Income and the Balance of Payments |
| Agriculture, Trade, and Sustainability / Part 4： |
| Agriculture and Development / 16： |
| Unique Characteristics of the Agricultural Sector |
| Structural Transformation |
| Two-Sector Models of Development |
| The Labor Surplus Model |
| Surplus Labor in China |
| The Neoclassical Two-Sector Model |
| Debates Over Surplus Labor |
| Evolving Perspectives on the Role of Agriculture in Economic Growth and Poverty Alleviation |
| Agriculture and Economic Growth |
| The Nutrition Linkage to Economic Growth |
| Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation |
| Agricultural Growth as a Pathway out of Poverty |
| Agricultural Development: Technology, Policies, and Institutions / 17： |
| Characteristics of Traditional Agriculture and Agricultural Systems |
| Agricultural Systems |
| Diagnosing the Constraints to Agricultural Development |
| Raising the Technical Ceiling |
| The Green Revolution |
| Recent Trends in Agricultural Productivity |
| A Model of Induced Technical Change in Agriculture |
| Raising the Economic Ceiling |
| Food Production Analysis |
| What to Produce? The Product-Product Decision |
| How to Produce It? The Factor-Factor Decision |
| How Much to Produce? The Factor-Product Decision |
| Fertilizer Subsidies in Malawi |
| Market Access |
| Cell Phones and Agricultural Development |
| Institutions for Agricultural Development |
| Land Reform |
| The World Food Crisis of 2005-08 |
| Consequences of the Crisis |
| Trade and Development / 18： |
| Trade Trends and Patterns |
| Who Trades? |
| Comparative Advantage |
| The Benefits of Trade |
| Winners and Losers |
| Trading Primary Products |
| Empirical Evidence on Primary Export-Led Growth |
| Export Pessimism |
| Declining Terms of Trade? |
| Dutch Disease: A Geometric Presentation |
| Nigeria: A Bad Case of Dutch Disease |
| Indonesia: Finding a Cure |
| The Resource Trap |
| Breaking the Resource Curse |
| Trade Policy / 19： |
| Import Substitution |
| Protective Tariffs |
| Import Quotas |
| Effective Rates of Protection |
| Trade Protection and Politics |
| The Two-Country Model with a Tariff |
| Production Subsidies |
| Exchange-Rate Management |
| Outcomes of Import Substitution |
| Export Orientation |
| Removing the Bias against Exports |
| Favoring Exports |
| Building Export Platforms |
| Is China's Exchange-Rate Policy Unfair? |
| Trade Strategy and Industrial Policy |
| Trade, Growth, and Poverty Alleviation |
| Trade Reforms and Poverty Alleviation |
| Key Issues on the Global Trade Agenda |
| Increased Global Competition and the Rise of China (and India) |
| Does Outward Orientation Create Sweatshops? |
| Labor Activists and Labor Outcomes in Indonesia |
| Expanding Market Access |
| Multilateral Trade Negotiations and the WTO |
| Temporary Migration: Another Dimension of International Trade |
| Sustainable Development / 20： |
| Will Economic Growth Save or Destroy the Environment? |
| Concept and Measurement of Sustainable Development |
| Saving for a Sustainable Future |
| The Malthusian Effect of Population Growth on Adjusted Net Savings in Ghana |
| Market Failures |
| Externalities and the Commons |
| Policy Solutions |
| Property Rights |
| Government Regulation |
| Taxes, Subsidies, and Payments for Environmental Services |
| Taxing Water Pollution in Colombia |
| Marketable Permits |
| Informal Regulation |
| Policy Failures |
| Policy Failures and Deforestation in Indonesia |
| Poverty-Environment Linkages |
| Global Climate Change |
| Index |
図書
