Preface |
Introduction to Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena / 1: |
Surface Tension and Surface Free Energy / 1.1: |
The Microscopic Origin of Surface Energies / 1.1.1: |
Macroscopic Definition of Surface Energy and Surface Tension / 1.1.2: |
Young-Lap lace Equation: The Basic Law of Capillarity / 1.2: |
Laplace's Equation and the Pressure Jump Across Liquid Surfaces / 1.2.1: |
Applications of the Young-Laplace Equation: The Rayleigh-Plateau Instability / 1.2.2: |
Young-Dupré Equation: The Basic Law of Wetting / 1.3: |
To Spread or Not to Spread: From Solid Surface Tension to Liquid Spreading / 1.3.1: |
Partial Wetting: The Young Equation / 1.3.2: |
Wetting in the Presence of Gravity / 1.4: |
Bond Number and Capillary Length / 1.4.1: |
Case Studies / 1.4.2: |
The Shape of a Liquid Puddle / 1.4.2.1: |
The Pendant Drop Method: Measuring Surface Tension by Balancing Capillary and Gravity Forces / 1.4.2.2: |
Capillary Rise / 1.4.2.3: |
Variational Derivation of the Young-Laplace and the Young-Dupré Equation / 1.5: |
Wetting at the Nanoscale / 1.6: |
The Effective Interface Potential / 1.6.1: |
The Effective Interface Potential for van der Waals Interaction / 1.6.2: |
Equilibrium Surface Profile Near the Three-Phase Contact Line / 1.6.2.2: |
Wetting of Heterogeneous Surfaces / 1.7: |
Young-Laplace and Young-Dupré Equation for Heterogeneous Surfaces / 1.7.1: |
Gibbs Criterion for Contact Line Pinning at Domain Boundaries / 1.7.2: |
From Discrete Morphology Transitions to Contact Angle Hysteresis / 1.7.3: |
Optimum Contact Angle on Heterogeneous Surfaces: The Laws of Wenzel and Cassie / 1.7.4: |
Superhydrophobic Surfaces / 1.7.5: |
Wetting of Heterogeneous Surfaces in Three Dimensions / 1.7.6: |
Wetting of Complex Surfaces in Three Dimensions: Morphology Transitions, Instabilities, and Symmetry Breaking / 1.7.7: |
Mechanical Equilibrium and Stress Tensor / 1.A: |
Problems |
References |
Electrostatics / 2: |
Fundamental Laws of Electrostatics / 2.1: |
Electric Fields and the Electrostatic Potential / 2.1.1: |
Specific Examples / 2.1.2: |
Materials in Electric Fields / 2.2: |
Conductors / 2.2.1: |
Dielectrics / 2.2.2: |
Dielectric Liquids and Leaky Dielectrics / 2.2.3: |
Electrostatic Energy / 2.3: |
Energy of Charges, Conductors, and Electric Fields / 2.3.1: |
Capacitance Coefficients and Capacitance / 2.3.2: |
Thermodynamic Energy of Charged Systems: Constant Charge Versus Constant Potential / 2.3.3: |
Electrostatic Stresses and Forces / 2.4: |
Global Forces Acting on Rigid Bodies / 2.4.1: |
Local Forces: The Maxwell Stress Tensor / 2.4.2: |
Stress Boundary Condition at Interfaces / 2.4.3: |
Two Generic Case Studies / 2.5: |
Parallel Plate Capacitor / 2.5.1: |
Charge and Energy Distribution for Two Capacitors in Series / 2.5.2: |
Adsorption at Interfaces / 3: |
Adsorption Equilibrium / 3.1: |
General Principles / 3.1.1: |
Langmuir Adsorption / 3.1.2: |
Reduction of Surface Tension / 3.1.3: |
Adsorption Kinetics / 3.2: |
Surface-Active Solutes: From Surfactants to Polymers, Proteins, and Particles / 3.3: |
A Statistical Mechanics Model of Interfacial Adsorption / 3.A: |
From Electric Double Layer Theory to Lippmann's Electrocapillary Equation / 4: |
Electrocapillarity: the Historic Origins / 4.1: |
The Electric Double Layer at Solid-Electrolyte Interfaces / 4.2: |
Poisson-Boltzmann Theory and Gouy-Chapman Model of the EDL / 4.2.1: |
Total Charge and Capacitance of the Diffuse Layer / 4.2.2: |
Voltage Dependence of the Free Energy: Electrowetting / 4.2.3: |
Shortcomings of Poisson-Boltzmann Theory and the Gouy-Chapman Model / 4.3: |
Teflon-Water Interfaces: a Case Study / 4.4: |
Statistical Mechanics Derivation of the Governing Equations / 4.A: |
Principles of Modem Electrowetting / 5: |
The Standard Model of Electrowetting (on Dielectric) / 5.1: |
Electrowetting Phenomenology / 5.1.1: |
Macroscopic EW Response / 5.1.2: |
Microscopic Structure of the Contact Line Region / 5.1.3: |
Interpretation of the Standard Model of EW / 5.2: |
The Electromechanical Interpretation / 5.2.1: |
Standard Model of EW Versus Lippmann's Electrocapillarity / 5.2.2: |
Limitations of the Standard Model: Nonlinearities and Contact Angle Saturation / 5.2.3: |
DC Versus AC Electrowetting / 5.3: |
Application Example: Parallel Plate Geometry / 5.3.1: |
Elements of Fluid Dynamics / 6: |
Navier-Stokes Equations / 6.1: |
General Principles: from Newton to Navier-Stokes / 6.1.1: |
Boundary Conditions / 6.1.2: |
Nondimensional Navier-Stokes Equation: The Reynolds Number / 6.1.3: |
Example: Pressure-Driven Flow Between Two Parallel Plates / 6.1.4: |
Lubrication Flows / 6.2: |
General Lubrication Flows / 6.2.1: |
Lubrication Flows with a Free Liquid Surface / 6.2.2: |
Application I: Linear Stability Analysis of a Thin Liquid Film / 6.2.3: |
Application II: Entrainment of Liquid Films / 6.2.4: |
Contact Line Dynamics / 6.3: |
Tanner's Law and the Spreading of Drops on Macroscopic Scales / 6.3.1: |
Surface Profiles on the Mesoscopic Scale: The Cox-Voinov Law / 6.3.2: |
Dynamics of the Microscopic Contact Angle: The Molecular Kinetic Picture / 6.3.3: |
Comparison to Experimental Results / 6.3.4: |
Surface Waves and Drop Oscillations / 6.4: |
Surface Waves / 6.4.1: |
Oscillating Drops / 6.4.2: |
Example: Electrowetting-Driven Excitation of Eigenmodes of a Sessile Drop / 6.4.3: |
General Consequences / 6.4.4: |
Electrowetting Materials and Fabrication / 7: |
Practical Requirements / 7.1: |
Electro wetting Deviation: Caused by Non-obvious Materials Behavior / 7.2: |
Commonly Observed Temporal Deviations / 7.2.1: |
Dielectric Failure (Leakage Current) / 7.2.1.1: |
Dielectric Charging / 7.2.1.2: |
Charges into the Oil / 7.2.1.3: |
Oil Relaxation / 7.2.1.4: |
Surfactant Diffusion (Interface Absorption) / 7.2.1.5: |
Oil Film Trapping / 7.2.1.6: |
Commonly Observed Nontemporal Deviation / 7.2.2: |
Unexpected Young's Angles: Gravity Effects / 7.2.2.1: |
Unexpected Young's Angles: Surface and Interface Fouling / 7.2.2.2: |
Unexpected Young's Angles: Dielectric Charging / 7.2.2.3: |
Wetting Hysteresis / 7.2.2.4: |
Deviation That Is Often Both Highly Temporal and Nontemporal / 7.2.3: |
Chemical/Surface Potentials / 7.2.3.1: |
Electrowetting Saturation / 7.3: |
The Invariant Onset of Deviation or Saturation and Lack of a Universal Theory for This Invariance / 7.4: |
The Invariance of Saturation for Aqueous Conducting Fluids / 7.4.1: |
The Invariance of the Onset of Deviation or Saturation for All Types of Conducting Fluids with ¿ci > 5 mN m-1 / 7.4.2: |
Summary / 7.4.3: |
Choosing Materials: Large Young's Angle and Low Wetting Hysteresis / 7.5: |
Conventional Ultralow Surface Energy Coatings (Fluoropolymers) / 7.5.1: |
Hydrophilic Coatings Made Hydrophobic Through Proper Choice of Insulating Fluid / 7.5.2: |
Superhydrophobic Coatings: Larger Young's Angle in Air but Small Modulation Range / 7.5.3: |
Choosing Materials: the Electrowetting Dielectric (Capacitor) / 7.6: |
Current State of the Art for Low Potential Electrowetting: Multilayer Dielectrics / 7.6.1: |
A Note of Critical Importance for the Topcoat in a Multilayer System / 7.6.2: |
Carefully Choosing the Best Materials for Each Individual Layer of the Dielectric Stack / 7.6.3: |
First Layer: Inorganic Dielectrics / 7.6.3.1: |
Second Layer: Organic Dielectrics / 7.6.3.2: |
Third Layer: Fluoropolymer / 7.6.3.3: |
The Simplest Approaches Available to Electrowetting Practitioners / 7.6.3.4: |
Choosing Materials: Insulating and Conducting Fluids / 7.7: |
The Insulating Fluid / 7.7.1: |
The Conducting Fluid / 7.7.2: |
Ionic Content / 7.7.2.1: |
Don't Use Water! / 7.7.2.2: |
Summary of General Best Practices / 7.8: |
Mitigating Surface Fouling in Biological Applications / 7.9: |
Additional Issues for Complex or Integrated Devices / 7.10: |
Acknowledgement |
Trapped Charge Derivation / 7.A: |
Fundamentals of Applied Electrowetting / 8: |
Introduction and Scope / 8.1: |
Droplet Transport / 8.2: |
Basic Force Balance Interpretation of Droplet Transport / 8.2.1: |
Advanced Droplet Transport Physics: Threshold and Velocity / 8.2.2: |
Advanced Droplet Transport Physics: Flow Field / 8.2.2.1: |
Additional Practical Notes on Implementation of Basic Droplet Transport / 8.2.3: |
Droplet Transport for Splitting, Dosing, Merging, and Mixing / 8.3: |
Simple Experimental Examples / 8.3.1: |
Fundamentals of Droplet Splitting / 8.3.2: |
Influence of Vertical Radii of Curvature / 8.3.2.1: |
Influence of Horizontal Radii of Curvature / 8.3.2.2: |
Fundamentals of Droplet Dosing (Dispensing) / 8.3.3: |
Fundamentals of Droplet Mixing / 8.3.4: |
Stationary Droplet Oscillation, Jumping, and Mixing / 8.4: |
Droplet Oscillation / 8.4.1: |
Droplet Oscillation and Jumping / 8.4.2: |
Droplet Oscillation and Hysteresis / 8.4.3: |
Droplet Oscillation and Mixing / 8.4.4: |
Gating, Valving, and Pumping / 8.5: |
Fundamentals / 8.5.1: |
Generating Droplets and Channels / 8.6: |
Fundamentals for Droplet Generation / 8.6.1: |
Fundamentals for Channel Generation / 8.6.2: |
Shape Change in a Channel / 8.7: |
Control of Meniscus Curvature / 8.7.1: |
Additional Notes on Implementation / 8.8.1: |
Control of Meniscus Surface Area/Coverage / 8.9: |
Control of Film Breakup and Oil Entrapment / 8.9.1: |
ID, 2D, and 3D Control of Rigid Objects / 8.10.1: |
Reverse Electro wetting and Energy Harvesting / 8.11.1: |
Related and Emerging Topics / 9: |
Dielectrophoresis and Dielectrowetting / 9.1: |
Basic Dielectrophoresis / 9.2.1: |
Dielectrowetting / 9.2.2: |
Innovations in Liquid Metal Electrowetting and Electrocapillarity / 9.3: |
Electrowetting of GalnSn Liquid Metal Alloys / 9.3.1: |
Giant Electrochemical Changes in Liquid Metal Interfacial Surface Tensions / 9.3.2: |
Nonequilibrium Electrical Control Without Contact Angle Modulation / 9.4: |
Some Limitations of Conventional Electrowetting / 9.4.1: |
Electrowetting Without Wetting / 9.4.2: |
Appendix Historical Perspective of Modern Electrowetting: individual Testimonials |
"CJ" Kim |
Authors Note from Heikenfeld |
Johan Feenstra |
Tom Jones |
Frieder Mugele |
Richard Fair |
Author's Note from Heikenfeld |
Bruno Berge |
Glen McHale |
Stein Kuiper |
Jason Heikenfeld |
Kwan Hyung Kang: An Appreciation / T. B. Jones |
Author's Note from Mugele |
Index |