| List of Illustrations page |
| Notes on Contributors |
| General Editors' Preface |
| Introduction / Peter J. Bowler ; John V. Pickstone1： |
| Workers and Places / Part I： |
| Amateurs and Professionals / David E. Allen2： |
| The Preprofessional Era |
| Categorizing the Amateurs |
| The Culture of Collecting |
| Academicization |
| Attempted Adaptations |
| Internal Salvation |
| Convergence |
| Discovery and Exploration / Roy Macleod3： |
| Linking Universes |
| Science and the Expansion of Europe |
| Universal Knowledge: Humboldt's Cosmos |
| Science and National Glory |
| Science and Internationalism |
| Looking Ahead |
| Museums / Mary P. Winsor4： |
| Museums to 1792 |
| The Paris Model, 1793-1809 |
| Impact of the Paris Model, 1810-1859 |
| The Museum Movement, 1860-1901 |
| Dioramas and Diversity, 1902-1990 |
| Field Stations and Surveys / Keith R. Benson5： |
| Surveys in Nature |
| Field Stations |
| Universities / Jonathan Harwood6： |
| A Map of the Changing Terrain |
| The Power of Patrons |
| The Consequences of Institutional Location |
| Conclusion |
| Geological Industries / Paul Lucier7： |
| Mining Schools |
| Government Surveys |
| Private Surveys |
| Industrial Science |
| Geology and Industry |
| The Pharmaceutical Industries / John P. Swann8： |
| Influence from Alkaloids and the Dyestuff Industry |
| Impact of Biological Medicines |
| Political and Legal Elements |
| Industry versus Professional Pharmacy |
| War as a Catalyst to Industrial Development |
| Industrial Growth and the Role of Research |
| Regulating the Industry |
| Consolidating the Industry |
| Public and Environmental Health / Michael Worboys9： |
| 1800-1890: The Health of Towns |
| 1890-1950: The Health of Nations |
| 1950-2000: World Health |
| Analysis and Experimentation / Part II： |
| Geology / Mott T. Greene10： |
| Stratigraphy: The Basic Activity of Geology |
| Mountains and Movement |
| Ice Ages and Secular Cooling of the Earth |
| Age and Internal Structure of the Earth |
| Economic Geology |
| Geology in the Twentieth Century |
| Paleontology / Ronald RaingerII： |
| Cuvier, Extinction, and Stratigraphy |
| Paleontology and Progress |
| Paleontology and Evolution |
| Paleontology and Modern Darwinism |
| Paleontology and Biogeography |
| Museums and Paleontology |
| Zoology / Mario A. Di Gregorio12： |
| The Natural System and Natural Theology |
| The Philosophical Naturalists |
| The Triumph of Typology |
| From Darwin to Evolutionary Typology |
| Tensions within Evolutionism |
| Into the Twentieth Century |
| Botany / Eugene Cittadino13： |
| Beyond Linnaeus: Systematics and Plant Geography |
| Botanical Gardens |
| The "New Botany" |
| Linking Field and Laboratory, Theory and Practice |
| Evolution / Jonathan Hodge14： |
| The Influence of Buffon and Linnaeus |
| Lamarck: The Direct and Indirect Production by Nature of All Living Bodies |
| After Cuvier, Oken, and Lamarck |
| Darwin: The Tree of Life and Natural Selection |
| After Darwin |
| Evolutionary Biology since Mendelism |
| Conclusion: Controversies and Contexts |
| Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology / Susan C. Lawrence15： |
| Anatomy: Humans and Animals |
| Human Anatomy |
| Comparative Anatomy |
| Tissues and Cells |
| The Cell Theory |
| Histology |
| Ultrastructure |
| Embryology / Nick Hopwood16： |
| Making Embryology |
| Histories of Development |
| Embryos as Ancestors |
| Experiment and Description |
| Organizers, Gradients, and Fields |
| Embryos, Cells, Genes, and Molecules |
| Embryology and Reproduction |
| Microbiology / Olga Amsterdamska17： |
| Speciation, Classification, and the Infusoria |
| Wine, Life, and Politics: Pasteur's Studies of Fermentation |
| The Bacteriological Revolution |
| Institutionalization of Bacteriology |
| Between Protozoology and Tropical Diseases |
| Bacteriology between Botany, Chemistry, and Agriculture |
| Microbiology between the Brewing Industry and (Bio)chemistry |
| Genetics of Microorganisms and Molecular Biology |
| Conclusions |
| Physiology / Richard L. Kremer18： |
| Foundational Narratives |
| Newer Narratives |
| The Disappearance of Physiology? |
| Pathology / Russell C. Maulitz19： |
| Pathology's Prehistory |
| First Transition: Tissue Pathology |
| Second Transition: Cellular Pathology |
| Third Transition: Clinical Pathology |
| Popular Forensic Pathology |
| Recent Translational Medicine |
| New Objects and Ideas / Part III： |
| Plate Tectonics / Henry Frankel20： |
| The Classical Stage of the Mobilist Controversy: From Alfred Wegener to the End of the Second World War |
| The Modern Controversy over Continental Drift |
| Geophysics and Geochemistry / David Oldroyd21： |
| The Size, Shape, and Weight of the Earth: Gravimetry and Associated Theories |
| Seismology |
| Geomagnetism |
| Geological Synthesis from Results of Geophysical Investigations |
| Chemical Analyses of Rocks and Minerals |
| Geochemistry |
| Physico-chemical Petrology |
| Geochemical Cycles |
| Mathematical Models / Jeffrey C. Schank ; Charles Twardy22： |
| Physiology and Psychology |
| Evolution and Ecology |
| Development and Form |
| Mathematical Statistics |
| Integrative Modeling: An Example from the Neurosciences |
| Computers and Mathematical Modeling |
| Genes / Richard M. Burian ; Doris T. Zallen23： |
| Before Mendel |
| From Mendel to the Turn of the Century |
| The Development of Genetics and the Gene Concept up to World War II |
| Postwar Novelties: The Material of the Gene and Gene Action |
| The Gene in the Light of Recent Historiography |
| Ecosystems / Pascal Acot24： |
| The Study of Plant Communities |
| The Concept of "Biocoenosis" |
| The Integration of Physical Factors |
| The First Qualitative Outline of an Ecological System |
| From Plant Successions to Organicism in Ecology |
| Thirty Years of Controversies |
| Population Dynamics |
| The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecosystems |
| Odum's Fundamentals of Ecology |
| From Ecosystems to Global Ecology |
| Immunology / Thomas S⊙derqvist ; Craig Stillwell ; Mark Jackson25： |
| Immunity as a Scientific Object |
| The Emergence of Immunology |
| The Consolidation of Immunology |
| Immunity as an Object for Historical Inquiry |
| Cancer / Jean-Paul Gaudillière26： |
| The Clinical Cancer: Tumors, Cells, and Diagnosis |
| The First Technological Disease: Cancer and Radiotherapy |
| Cancer as Social Disease: Voluntary Health Organizations and Big Biomedicine |
| Cancer as a Biological Problem |
| Routine Experimentation: Chemotherapy and Clinical Trials |
| Cancer Numbers: Risk and the Biomedicalization of Everyday Life |
| Conclusion: The Cancer Cell after a Century? |
| The Brain and the Behavioral Sciences / Anne Harrington27： |
| Ghosts and Machines: Descartes, Kant, and Beyond |
| The Piano that Plays Itself: From Gall to Helmholtz |
| Imagining Building Blocks: From Language to Reflex |
| Electricity, Energy, and the Nervous System from Galvani to Sherrington |
| Haunted by Our Past: The Brain in Evolutionary Time |
| The Subject Strikes Back: Hysteria and Holism |
| Technological Imperatives and the Making of "Neuroscience" |
| History of Biotechnology / Robert Bud28： |
| The Early History |
| From Zymotechnics to Biotechnics |
| Biochemical Engineering |
| Molecular Biology |
| Science and Culture / Part IV： |
| Religion and Science / James Moore29： |
| A Victorian Rubric |
| Freethought |
| Natural Theology |
| Earth History |
| Darwin |
| The Conflict |
| Beyond "Religion and Science" |
| Biology and Human Nature / 30： |
| Mind and Brain |
| Evolution, Psychology, and the Social Sciences |
| Human Origins and Social Values |
| Biology and Gender |
| Heredity and Genetic Determinism |
| Experimentation and Ethics / Susan E. Lederer31： |
| Before Claude Bernard |
| Animals and the Victorians |
| Science in the Service of the State |
| The World Medical Association and Research after Nuremberg |
| Animals and Ethics |
| Living with the Past History of Human Experimentation |
| Environmentalism / Stephen Bocking32： |
| Environmentalism and Science in the Nineteenth Century |
| The Emergence of the Administrative State |
| Entering the Twentieth Century |
| The Environmental Revolution |
| The Roles and Authority of Science |
| Politics and Science |
| Popular Science / 33： |
| The "Dominant View" and Its Critics |
| Nineteenth-Century Popular Science Writing |
| The Early Twentieth Century |
| Later Developments |
| Index |
| List of Illustrations page |
| Notes on Contributors |
| General Editors' Preface |
| Introduction / Peter J. Bowler ; John V. Pickstone1： |
| Workers and Places / Part I： |
| Amateurs and Professionals / David E. Allen2： |
