Applications of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy to Hydrogen Adsorption, Evolution and Absorption into Metals / A. Lasia1: |
Electroless Deposition of Metals / D. Djokic2: |
Towards a Computational Electrochemistry - a Kineticist's Perspective / L.K. Bieniasz3: |
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Bridging Electrolyte - Water Systems / M.A. Abraham ; M.-C. Abraham4: |
Factors Limiting Applications of the Historically Significant Born Equation: A Critical Review / B.E. Conway5: |
References |
Nanoparticle Surfaces Studied by Electrochemical NMR / P. K. Babu ; E. Oldfield ; A. WieckowskiChapter 1: |
Introduction / I.: |
Experimental / II.: |
Results and Discussion / III.: |
Selected Topics in [superscript 195]Pt-NMR / 1.: |
Other Pt Nanoparticles (Unsupported and Supported) / 2.: |
Correlation Between the [superscript 195]Pt NMR Shift and Adsorbates Electronegativity / 3.: |
Spatially-Resolved Oscillation of the E[subscript f]-LDOS in a Pt Catalyst / 4.: |
[superscript 13]C NMR at the Electrochemical Interface / IV.: |
[superscript 13]C NMR Knight Shift |
EC-NMR Under Potential Control |
Correlation of NMR to FTIR Data |
Correlation Between Clean Surface E[subscript f]-LDOS of Metals and the Adsorbate Knight Shift |
NMR Comparison of CO Adsorbed on Pt-Black from Different Sources / 5.: |
Effect of Surface Charge on the Chemisorption Bond: CO Chemisorption on Pd / 6.: |
Pt Electrodes Modified by Ruthenium: A Study in Tolerance / 7.: |
EC-NMR of Pt/Ru Alloy Nanoparticles / 8.: |
Summary and Conclusions / V.: |
Appendix |
Ab Initio Quantum-Chemical Calculations in Electrochemistry / Marc T. M. KoperChapter 2: |
Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry |
General Aspects of Quantum Chemistry and Electronic Structure Calculations |
Wave-Function-Based Methods |
Density Functional Theory Methods |
Basis Sets and Effective Potentials |
Structure, Energetics, and Vibrational Frequencies |
Methods of Analysis |
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics |
Selected Applications |
Clusters and Slabs |
How to Model the Electrode Potential |
Chemisorption of Halogens and Halides |
Chemisorption of Carbon Monoxide on Metals and Alloys |
Field Dependent Chemisorption and the Interfacial Stark Effect: General Relationships |
Field-Dependent Chemisorption of Carbon Monoxide |
Chemisorption of Water and Water Dissociation Products |
Ab Initio Approaches to Modeling Electrode Reactions |
Outlook |
Macroscopic and Molecular Models of Adsorption Phenomena on Electrode Surfaces / P. NikitasChapter 3: |
Features of Electrosorption and Factors Affecting Them |
Macroscopic Models |
PC Approach |
STE Approach |
Molecular Models |
Guidealli's Approach |
Models Based on the LBS Approach |
Complicated Adsorption Phenomena |
Co-Adsorption and Reorientation |
Polylayer Formation |
Surface Segregation |
Phase Transitions |
Polarization Catastrophe and Other Artifacts / VI.: |
The Role of the Metal Electrode--The Case of Solid Electrodes / VII.: |
Computer Simulation / VIII.: |
Conclusions / IX.: |
Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis / Gyorgy Foti ; Ivan Bolzonella ; Christos ComninellisChapter 4: |
The Phenomenon of Electrochemical Promotion |
Description of a Typical Electrochemical Promotion Experiment |
The Mechanism of Electrochemical Promotion |
Promotional Transients |
Fundamental Studies of Electrochemical Promotion |
Catalytic Model Systems |
Experimental Aspects |
Electrochemical Characterization of the Single-Pellet Cell |
Cyclic Voltammetry |
Fast-Galvanostatic Transients |
Permanent Electrochemical Promotion |
Electrochemical Activation of a Catalyst |
Electrochemical Promotion and Catalyst-Support Interactions |
Work Function Measurements / 9.: |
Cell Development for Electrochemical Promotion |
Bipolar Con guration for Electrochemical Promotion |
Ring-Shaped Electrochemical Cell |
Multiple-Channel Electrochemical Cell |
Perspectives |
Mechanisms of Lithium Transport Through Transition Metal Oxides and Carbonaceous Materials / Heon-Cheol Shin ; Su-Il PyunChapter 5: |
Bird's Eye View of the Models for Current Transients in Lithium Intercalation Systems: Diffusion Controlled Lithium Transport |
The Geometry of the Electrode Surface |
The Growth of a New Phase in the Electrode |
The Electric Field in the Electrode |
General Perspective on Current Transients from Transition Metal Oxides and Graphite |
Non-Cottrell behavior throughout the Lithium Intercalation/Deintercalation |
Intersection of Anodic and Cathodic Current Transients |
(Quasi-)Current Plateau |
Depression of the Initial Current Value |
Physical Origin of the Current Transients |
Linear Relation Between Current and Electrode Potential |
Comparison of Cell Resistances Determined by the Current Transient Technique and by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy |
Theoretical Description of Cell-Impedance Controlled Lithium Transport |
Governing Equation and Boundary Condition |
Calculation Procedure of the Cell-Impedance Controlled Current Transients |
Theoretical Current Transients and their Comparison with Experimental Current Transients |
Some Model Parameters Affecting the Shape and Magnitude of the Cell-Impedance Controlled Current Transients |
Concluding Remarks |
Index |
The Potential of Zero Charge / S. Trasatti ; E. Lust |
Introductory Concepts / I: |
Analysis of the Experimental Data / II: |
Nonequilibrium Fluctuations in Corrosion Process / R. AogakiIV: |
Active, Passive and Transpassive States of Metals |
Nonequilibrum Fluctuations in Corrosion |
Conclusion |
Conducting Polymers, Electrochemistry and Biomimicking Processes / T. Fernandez Otero |
Electropolymerization of Conducting polymers |
Electrochemical versus Chemical Polymerization of Conducting Polymers |
Selfdoped Polymers, Polymeric Composites and Hybrid Materials |
Physical Properties of Dry Conducting Polymers |
Electrochemical Properties / VI: |
Electrochemistry and Electrode Structures / VII: |
Experimental Chronoamperograms and Chronocoulograms Under Conformational Relaxation Control / VIII: |
Polymer-Solvent Interactions from the ESCR Model / IX: |
Chronocoulograms Under Conformational Relaxation Control / X: |
Voltammetry Under Conformational Relxation Control / XI: |
Experimental and Theoretical Voltammograms / XII: |
Experimental and Theoretical Coulovoltagrams / XIII: |
Conducting Polymers as Soft and Nonstoichiometric Materials / XIV: |
Electrochemical Evidences |
Conducting Polymers as Three-Dimensional Electrodes at Molecular level / XV: |
Soft, Wet and Complex Materials Mimicking Biological Processes / XVI: |
Technological Applications of the ESCR Model / XVII: |
Microwave (Photo)Electrochemistry / H. Tributsch |
Theoretical Challenge |
Potential Dependent Stationary Microwave Conductivity Measurements |
Potential Dependent Time Resolved Measurements |
Potential Dependent Periodical Measurements |
Oxides and Sensitization Cells |
Microwave Phase Measurements |
Summary and Discussion |
Acknowledgements |
Figure Legends |
Improvements in Fluorine Generations / G.L. Bauer ; W.V. Childs |
A Caution |
The Challenge |
Pem Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates / D. Bloomfield ; V. Bloomfield |
NAFION MEA Based Bipolar Plate Problems |
Polybenzimidazole/H[subscript 3]PO[subscript 4] |
Definition |
Separator Plate |
Flow Field |
Port and Port Bridges |
Seals |
Frame |
Bipolar Plate Features |
Tolerances |
Thermal Management |
Electrical Conduction |
Water Management |
Low Cost |
Stable, Free from Corrosion Products / 6: |
Galvanic Corrosion / i: |
Materials and Processes |
Comparison of Carbon and Metal |
Operational |
Forming Cost / ii: |
Carbon |
Molded Graphite |
Paper |
Stamped Exfoliated Graphite (Grafoil, Graflex) / iii: |
Metal |
Forming Metal Bipolar Plates |
Intrinsically Corrosion Resistant Metals |
Direct Coatings |
Conductive Polymer Grafting / iv: |
Basic Applications of the Analysis of Variance and Covariance in Electrochemical Science and Engineering / Thomas Z. Fahidy |
Basic Principles and Notions |
ANOVA: One-way Classification |
Completely Randomized Experiment (CRE) |
Randomized Block Experiment (RBE) |
Example 1: A Historical Perspective of Caustic Soda Production |
Example 2: Metallic Corrosion |
ANOVA: Two-Way Classification |
Null and Alternative Hypotheses |
Illustration of Two-Way Classification: Specific Energy Requirement for an Electrolytic Process |
ANOVA: Three-Way Classifications |
ANOVA: Latin Squares (LS) |
Applications of the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) |
ANCOVA with Velocity as Single Concomitant Variable |
Pattern A(CRE) |
Pattern B(RBE) |
ANCOVA with Velocity and Pressure Drop Acting as Two Concomitant Variables |
Two Covariate-Based ANCOVA of Product Yields in a Batch and in a Flow Electrolyzer |
Covariance Analysis for a Two-Factor, Single Cofactor CRE |
Miscellaneous Topics |
Estimation of the Type II Error in ANOVA |
Hierarchical Classification |
ANOVA-Related Random Effects |
Introductory Concepts of Contrasts Analysis |
Final Remarks |
Acknowledgments |
List of Principal Symbols |
Nanomaterials in Li-Ion Battery Electrode Design / Charles R. Sides ; Charles R. Martin |
Templates Used |
Track-Etch Membranes |
Alumina Membranes |
Other Templates |
Nanostructured Cathodic Electrode Materials |
Electrode Fabrication |
Nanostructured Electrode |
Control Electrodes |
Structural Investigations |
Electrochemical Characterization |
Rate Capabilities |
Nanostructured Anodic Electrodes |
Nanostructured Electrodes |
Electrochemical Investigations |
Nanoelectrode Applications |
Low-Temperature Performance |
Strategy |
Electrochemical Results |
Electronic Conductivity |
Cycle Life / v: |
Variations on a Synthetic Theme |
Nanocomposite of LiFePO[subscript 4]/Carbon |
Improving Volumetric Capacity |
Carbon Honeycomb |
Preparation of Honeycomb Carbon |
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Problems and Perspectives / Keith Scott ; Ashok K. Shukla |
Operating Principle of the SPE-DMFC |
Electrode Reaction Mechanisms in SPE-DMFCs |
Anodic Oxidation of Methanol |
Cathodic Reduction of Oxygen |
Materials for SPE-DMFCS |
Catalyst Materials |
Anode Catalysts |
Oxygen Reduction Catalysts |
Membrane Materials |
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance |
DMFC Stack Performance |
Alternative Catalysts and Membranes in the DMFC |
Alkaline Conducting Membrane and Alternative Oxidants |
Conventional vs. Mixed-Reactant SPE-DMFCs |
Mathematical Modelling of the DMFC |
Methanol Oxidation |
Empirical Models for Cell Voltage Behaviour |
Membrane Transport |
Effect of Methanol Crossover on Fuel Cell Performance |
Mass Transport and Gas Evolution |
DMFC Electrode Modelling |
Cell Models / 7: |
Single Phase Flow / 8: |
Two-and Three-Dimensional Modelling / 9: |
Dynamics and Modelling / 10: |
Stack Hydraulic and Thermal Models / 11: |
List of Symbols |
Review of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells / Brenda L. Garcia ; John W. Weidner |
Anode Kinetics |
Reaction Mechanism |
Methanol Oxidation Catalysts |
Platinum and Platinum Catalyst Structure |
Platinum and Platinum Alloy Catalyst Performance |
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts |
High Temperature Membranes |
Methanol Crossover |
Magnitude of Crossover |
Effect of CO[subscript 2] Crossover |
Mixed-Potential Effects |
Novel Membranes to Reduce Methanol Crossover |
DMFC Modeling Review |
One-Dimensional Models |
Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Models |
Summary |
Direct Numerical Simulation of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers / Partha P. Mukherjee ; Guoqing Wang ; Chao-Yang WangChapter 6: |
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) Approach |
Advantages and Objectives of the DNS Approach |
DNS Model - Idealized 2-D Microstructure |
Three-Dimensional Regular Microstructure |
2-D Model: Kinetics- vs. Transport-Limited Regimes |
Comparison of the Polarization Curves between 2-D and 3-D Simulations |
Three-Dimensional Random Microstructure |
Random Structure |
Structural Analysis and Identification |
Governing Equations |
Boundary Conditions |
DNS Model - Water Transport |
Water Transport Mechanism |
Mathematical Description |
Inlet-Air Humidity Effect |
Water Crossover Effect |
Optimization of Catalyst Layer Compositions |
3-D Correlated Microstructure |
Stochastic Generation Method |
Governing Equations, Boundary Conditions and Numerical Procedure |
Solid State Electrochemistry 1 |
Electron Transfer Reactions with and without Ion Transfer |
Electrosorption Valency and Partial Charge Transfer |
Phosphoric Acid Fuel |
Cells (PAFCs) for Utilities |
Nanostructural Analysis of Bright Metal Surfaces in Relation to their Reflectivity |
Electroplating of Metal Matrix Composites by Codeposition of Suspended Particles |
Algebraic Properties of Boolean Algebras |
Elementary Classification of Boolean Algebras |
Constructive Boolean Algebras |
Solid State Electrochemistry II: Devices and Techniques / Joachim Maier |
Electrochemical Devices and Applications |
Electrochemical (Composition) Sensors |
Bulk Conductivity Sensor (Mode 1) |
Surface Conductivity Sensors (Mode 2) |
Galvanic Sensors (Mode 3) |
Extension to Acid-Base Active Gases |
Electrochemical (Composition) Actors |
Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices |
Fuel Cells |
Batteries |
Other Storage Devices: Supercapacitors and Photobatteries |
Electrochemical Techniques |
Determination of Bulk Parameters |
Determination of Boundary Parameters |
Electrochemical Polarization-The Effect of Selectively Blocking Electrodes |
Heuristic Considerations |
The Steady-State Response: The Evaluation of Partial Conductivities |
The Instationary Behavior: The Evaluation of the Chemical Diffusion Coefficient |
Chemically Imposed Gradients |
Chemical Polarization and Concentration Cell Experiment |
Oxygen Permeation |
Zero-Driving Force Method |
Chemical Relaxation |
Coulometric Titration |
Thermodynamic Data from Electrochemical Cells Involving Solid Electrolytes |
Modifications in the Evaluation of Electrochemical Measurements Due to Internal Defect Reactions |
Dynamic Interactions |
Transport in Inhomogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Composite Systems |
Related Techniques |
Acknowledgment |
Appendix 1-Terminal Potential Difference / A: |
Appendix 2-Electrochemical Polarization / B: |
Appendix 3-Chemical Polarization and Relaxation / C: |
Appendix 4-Electrolytic Domain Boundaries / D: |
Appendix 5-Coulometric Titration / E: |
Appendix 6-Point Electrode Resistance / F: |
Symbols |
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoporous Carbon and Its Electrochemical Application to Electrode Material for Supercapacitors / Gyoung-Ja Lee |
Preparation of Porous Carbons |
Activation Method |
Templating Method |
Structural Characteristics of Porous Carbons |
Types of Adsorption Isotherms and Hysteresis Loops |
Determinations of Surface Area and Pore Size Distribution |
Fractal Characteristics of Porous Carbons |
Molecular Probe Method Using Gas Adsorption |
Image Analysis Method |
Electrochemical Characteristics of Carbon-Based Porous Electrodes For Supercapacitor: The Uses of AC-Impedance Spectroscopy, Current Transient and Cyclic Voltammetry |
General Theory of Electrochemical Behavior of Porous Electrodes |
Effect of Geometric Heterogeneity on Ion Penetration into the Pores during Double-Layer Charging/Discharging |
Effect of Surface Inhomogeneity on Ion Penetration into the Pores during Double-Layer Charging/Discharging |
Concluding Remark |
Notation |
The Use of Graphs in the Study of Electrochemical Reaction Networks / Joseph D. Fehribach |
Reaction Species Graphs |
Kinetic Graphs |
Bipartite Graphs |
Reaction Mechanism Graphs |
MCFC Cathodic Reactions |
Peroxide Mechanism |
Superoxide-Peroxide Mechanism |
HER Reactions |
Reaction Route Graphs |
Discussion: Other Reaction Graphs |
Approximate Analytical Solutions for Models of Three-Dimensional Electrodes By Adomian's Decomposition Method / Yan-Ping Sun |
Adomian's Decomposition Method (ADM) |
Example of Applications to Catalytic reactions |
Model Solution |
Catalyst Slab |
Spherical Catalyst Pellet |
Concentration Profiles and Effectiveness |
Concentration Profiles |
Effectiveness |
Application to the Influence of Mass Transport in Electrocatalysts |
Internal Diffusion and Film Mass Transport |
Agglomerate Model of Electrocatalysis |
Application to Models For Three-Dimentional Electrodes |
The General Form of Model of Three-Dimension Electrodes |
Porous Electrode Reactor |
Packed-Bed Electrode Reactor |
Simplification of Packed-Bed Electrode with a Low Conversion |
Examples of Packed-Bed Electrodes applications |
Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrobenzene in a Packed-Bed Electrode Reactor |
Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Propylene in a Sparged Packed-Bed Electrode Reactor |
Two-Dimensional Model of Packed-Bed Electrodes |
Acknowledgement |
ADM's Nomenclature |
Nomenclatures in this Paper |
ADM Mathematica Codes / Appendix: |
ADM to Solve One ODE |
ADM to Solve the Coupled ODE's |
Some Recent Studies in Ruthenium Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis / N. S. Marinkovic ; M. B. Vukmirovic ; R. R. Adzic |
Preparation of Well-Ordered Ru Single-Crystal Surfaces |
Electrochemistry of Single-Crystal Ru surfaces |
Voltammetry Characterization |
Surface X-Ray Diffraction Study |
Infrared Spectroscopy and Anion Adsorption |
Polycrystalline Ru Electrode / (i): |
Ru(0001) and Ru(1010) Single-Crystal Electrode Surfaces / (ii): |
Surface-Oxide Formation |
Gas-Phase Oxidation |
Electrochemical Oxidation |
Electrocatalysis on Ru Single-Crystals and Nanoparticle Surfaces |
Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reactions |
CO Oxidation |
Oxygen Reduction Reaction |
Pt-Ru Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts |
Pt Submonolayers on Ru Single-Crystal Surfaces |
Adsorption Properties of Pt Submonolayers on Ru(0001) |
Pt Deposition on Ru Nanoparticles |
EXAFS and TEM Characterization |
H[subscript 2]/CO Oxidation |
Fuel Cell Tests / (iii): |
High-Performance Electrodes for Medium-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells / Hiroyuki Uchida ; Masahiro Watanabe |
Characteristics of SOFCs |
Development of Medium-Temperature SOFCs |
Design Concept of Catalyzed Reaction Layer for Medium-Temperature SOFC |
Activation of Mixed-Conducting Ceria-Based Anode |
Effect of Various Metal Catalysts Dispersed on Samaria-Doped Ceria |
Effect of the Composition and Microstructure on the Performance of SDC Anodes |
Activation of SDC Anode with Highly-Dispersed Ni Electrocatalysts |
Activation of Mixed-Conducting Perovskite-Type Oxide Cathodes |
La(Sr)MnO[subscript 3] Cathode with Highly Dispersed Pt Catalysts |
La(Sr)CoO[subscript 3] Cathode with Ceria-Interlayer on Zirconia Electrolyte |
Control of Microstructure of LSC Cathodes |
Activation of the Optimized LSC Cathode by Loading nm-Sized Pt Catalysts |
Effects of Ionic Conductivity of Zirconia Electrolytes on the Polarization Properties of Various Electrodes in SOFCs |
Effect of [sigma subscript ion] on the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Rate at Porous Pt Anode |
Effect of [sigma subscript ion] on Activities of Various Electrodes and the Reaction Mechanism |
Electrochemical CO[subscript 2] Reduction on Metal Electrodes / Y. Hori |
Fundamental Problems |
Reactions Related with CO[subscript 2] Reduction |
Electrochemical Equilibria |
Equilibria of CO[subscript 2] Related Species in Aqueous Solution |
Variation of pH at the Electrode During CO[subscript 2] Reduction |
Problems Related with Experimental Procedures and Data Analysis |
Difference Current Obtained from Voltammetric Measurements |
Purity of the Electrolyte Solution |
Overviews of Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] at Metal Electrodes |
Aqueous Solutions |
Nonaqueous Solutions |
Methanol, another Nonaqueous Solution |
Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] in High Concentration |
CO[subscript 2] Reduction under Elevated Pressures |
CO[subscript 2] Reduction Promoted by High Concentration |
Electroactive Species in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] |
Deactivation of Electrocatalytic Activity of Metal Electrodes |
Classification of Electrode Metals and Reaction Scheme |
Classification of Electrode Metals and CO Selectivity |
Electrode Potential of CO[subscript 2] Reduction at Various Metal Electrodes |
Formation of CO[subscript 2 middle dot superscript -] Anion Radical and Further Reduction to HCOO[superscript -] |
Formation of Adsorbed CO[subscript 2 middle dot superscript -] Leading to Further Reduction to CO or HCOO[superscript -] |
Reaction Scheme in Nonaqueous Electrolyte |
Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] to CO at Selected Metal and Nonmetal Electrodes |
CO Formation at Au, Ag, and Zn |
Au |
Ag |
Zn |
Platinum Group Metals |
Pt |
Pd |
Other Platinum Group Metals |
Ni and other CO Formation Metals |
Non-metallic Electrode Materials for CO[subscript 2] Reduction |
Mechanistic Studies of Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] at Cu Electrode |
Formation of CO as an Intermediate Species |
CO[subscript 2] Reduction at Cu Electrode Affected by the Potential and the CO[subscript 2] Pressure |
Electrolyte Solution, Anionic Species |
Effects of Cationic Species in Electrolyte Solution |
Reaction Mechanism at Cu Electrode |
Surface Treatment, Alloying and Modification of Cu Electrode |
CO[subscript 2] Reduction at Cu Single-Crystal Electrodes |
Adsorption of CO on Cu Electrode: Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Studies |
Attempts to Enhance the Transport Process in CO[subscript 2] Reduction |
Elevated Pressure |
Gas-Diffusion Electrode |
Solid-Polymer Electrolytes |
Three-Phase Electrodes |
List of Abbreviations |
Induced Codeposition of Alloys of Tungsten, Molybdenum and Rhenium with Transition Metals / Noam Eliaz ; Eliezer Gileadi |
Metal Deposition as a Class of its Own |
Redox Reactions |
Metal Deposition and Dissolution |
Specific Issues in Electrodeposition of Alloys |
History |
Special Considerations Related to Alloy Deposition |
Anomalous Alloy Deposition |
Possible Causes of Anomalous Alloy Deposition / (iv): |
Induced Codeposition / (v): |
Electroless Deposition of Alloys / (vi): |
Case Studies |
Tungsten Alloys Containing Ni, Co and Fe |
Properties of Tungsten Alloys |
Applications of Tungsten Alloys |
Electrodeposition of Tungsten Alloys |
New Interpretation of the Mechanism of Ni-W Codeposition |
Molybdenum Alloys Containing Ni, Co and Fe |
Properties of Molybdenum Alloys |
Applications of Molybdenum Alloys |
Electrodeposition of Molybdenum Alloys |
Rhenium and its Alloys |
Properties of Rhenium and its Alloys |
Applications of Rhenium and its Alloys |
Electrodeposition of Rhenium and its Alloys |
List of Abbreviations and Symbols |
Appendices |
25 Years of the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: 20 Years of Application of STM in Electrochemistry / Marek Szklarczyk ; Marcin Strawski ; Krzysztof Bienkowski |
STM Landmarks |
Solid-Vacuum Interface STM Investigations |
STM Investigations in Air and in Liquid Environment: 20 Years in Electrochemical STM Probing |
Imaging of Metals and Metallic Deposits |
Imaging of Adsorbed Ions Adlattices |
Imaging of Molecules |
Imaging of Semiconductive Materials |
Electrochemical Fabrication of Nanostructures: Nanolithography |
Modern Applications of Electrochemical Technology / M. Schlesinger |
LIGA, an Important Process in Micro-System Technology |
Micro Systems |
The LIGA Process |
Microstructures Manufactured by the LIGA Process |
The Sacrificial Layer Technique |
Microstructures with Different Shapes in the Third Dimension |
Applications in Semiconductor Technology |
Cu Interconnections on Chips |
Deposition of Cu Interconnections on Chips |
Diffusion Barriers and Seed Layer |
Super-Conformal Electrodeposition of Copper into Nanometer Vias and Trenches |
Super-Conformal Electrodeposition |
Mechanism of Super-Conformal Electrodeposition |
Mathematical Modeling |
Information Storage: Applications in the Fields of Magnetism and Microelectronic |
Magnetic Information Storage |
Read/Write Heads |
High Frequency Magnetics |
Spintronics |
Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices |
Background |
Electrochemical Power Sources |
Electrochemical Deposition in Medical Devices |
Surface Electrochemistry in the Processing of Biomaterials |
Materials Science of Biomaterials |
Frontiers: Various Applications in the Field of Medicine |
Preface |
List of Contributors |
Mathematical Modeling in Electrochemistry / Mordechay Schlesinger |
High Precision Atomic Theory: Tests of Fundamental Understanding / G.W.F. Drake ; Qixue Wu ; Zheng Zhong |
Modeling of Impedance of Porous Electrodes / Andrzej Lasia |
Multiscale Mass Transport in Porous Silicon Gas Sensors / Peter A. Kottke ; Andrei G. Fedorov ; James L. Gole |
Electrochemical Materials for PEM Fuel Cells: Insights from Physical Theory and Simulation / Michael H. Eikerling ; Kourosh Malek |
Modeling of Catalyst Structure Degradation in PEM Fuel Cells / Jeremy P. Meyers |
Modeling Water Management in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells / Adam Z. Weber ; Ryan Balliet ; Haluna P. Gunterman ; John Newman |
Adaptive Characterization and Modeling of Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications / Mark W. Verbrugge |
Structure, Passivation and localized corrosion of metal surfaces / Vincent Maurice ; Philippe Marcus |
Nucleation and Growth of Passive Films |
Hydroxide Ion Adsorption and Growth of 2D Passive Layers |
Copper |
Silver |
Nickel |
Influence of 2D Passive Films on Dissolution |
Structure of 3D Passive Films on Metals and Alloys |
Crystalline Passive Films |
Iron |
Ageing Effects on Chromium-Rich Passive Films |
Chromium |
Stainless Steels |
Dissolution in the Passive State |
Nanostructure of Passive Film and Passivity Breakdown |
Effect of Chlorides on Coalescence and Crystallization of the Passive Film |
Breakdown at Oxide Grain Boundaries |
Grain Boundary Model of Passivity Breakdown and Pit Initiation |
Local Redistribution of the Potential Drop |
Local Thinning of the Passive Film |
Voiding at the Metal/Oxide Interface |
Stress-Induced Fracture of the Passive Film |
Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum: their significance for corrosion Protection and Micro-and Nano-Technologies / Hideaki Takahashi ; Masatoshi Sakairi ; Tatsuya Kikuchi |
Applications of Anodic Oxide Films |
Structure and Properties of Oxide and Hydroxide Films |
Pretreated-Surface Film |
Thermal Oxide Film |
Hydroxide Film |
Barrier-Type Anodic Oxide Film (BAOF) |
Porous Type Anodic Oxide Film (PAOF) |
Structure |
Growth under Steady Conditions |
Growth under Transient Conditions |
Changes in Film Structure by Combination of Treatments |
Change of PAOF Structure by Heating, Boiling, and Anodizing in a Neutral Solution |
Change in BAOF Structure by Heating, Boiling, and Anodizing in an Acid Solution |
Change of the Structure of Thermal Oxide Films by Boiling, and Anodizing in a Neutral solution and in an Acid Solution |
Changes in the Structure of Hydroxide Films by Heating and Anodizing in Acid and Neutral Solutions |
Other Combination of Treatments |
Role of Anodic Oxide Films in Corrosion Protection of Aluminum |
Immersion of BAOF-Covered Aluminum in a Solution |
Role of Anodic Oxide Films in Pitting Corrosion during Cathodic Polarization |
Role of Anodic Oxide Films in the Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys in Alcohol at High Temperatures |
Micro-and Nano-Technologies Based on Anodized Aluminum |
Micro-Technologies with Laser Irradiation |
Applications of Laser Irradiation Techniques |
Printed Circuit Boards |
Plastic Injection Molds |
Electrochemical Micro-Reactor |
Free-Standing Microstructures |
Micro-Actuator |
Printing Roll |
Micro-and Nano-Patterning with AFM Probe Processing |
Formation of Composite Oxide Films by the Combination of Anodizing with Other Coating Methods |
Pore-Filling Method |
Combination of Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition with Anodizing |
Combination of Sol-Gel Dip Coating and Anodizing |
Combination of Electrophoretic Sol-Gel Coating and Anodizing |
Combination of Liquid Phase Deposition with Anodizing |