| Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series |
| Preface to Volume 8 |
| Contributors to Volume 8 |
| Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series |
| Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series |
| Understanding Combined Effects for Metal Co-Exposure in Ecotoxicology / Rolf Altenburger1： |
| Abstract |
| Ecotoxicity from Mixture Exposure |
| Combination Effect Analysis / 2： |
| Interactions During Exposure / 3： |
| Joint Action in Toxicodynamics / 4： |
| Interaction with Organic Compounds / 5： |
| Outlook / 6： |
| Acknowledgments |
| Abbreviations |
| References |
| Human Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals: Principles and Applications / Jean-Lou C. M. Dorne ; George E. N. Kass ; Luisa R. Bordajandi ; Billy Amzal ; Ulla Bertelsen ; Anna F. Castoldi ; Claudia Heppner ; Mari Eskola ; Stefan Fabiansson ; Pietro Ferrari ; Elena Scaravelli ; Eugenia Dogliotti ; Peter Fuerst ; Alan R. Boobis ; Philippe Verger |
| Introduction |
| Principles of Chemical Risk Assessment |
| Toxicology of Heavy Metals |
| Analytical Techniques and Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals |
| Applications to the Human Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Metalloids |
| Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
| Abbreviations and Definitions |
| Mixtures and Their Risk Assessment in Toxicology / Moiz M. Mumtaz ; Hugh Hansen ; Hana R. Pohl |
| Predictions of Toxicity Outcomes |
| Weight-of-Evidence Evaluations |
| Experimental Validations |
| Conclusion |
| Metal Ions Affecting the Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Systems / Massino Corradi ; Antonio Mutti |
| Aluminum |
| Arsenic |
| Beryllium |
| Copper |
| Cadmium |
| Chromium / 7： |
| Cobalt / 8： |
| Lead / 9： |
| Manganese / 10： |
| Nickel / 11： |
| Zinc / 12： |
| Concluding Remarks / 13： |
| Metal Ions Affecting the Gastrointestinal System Including the Liver / Declan P. Naughton ; Tamás Nepusz ; Andrea Petroczi |
| Exposure to Metal Ions in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver |
| Estimation of Toxicity Associated with Metal Ions in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver |
| Metal Ion-Molecular Interactions: Effects on Oxidative Damage |
| Concluding Remarks and Future Directions |
| Metal Ions Affecting the Kidney / Bruce A. Fowler |
| Exposure to Metal Ions in Air, Food, and Water |
| Transport of Metals/Metalloids in the Circulation |
| Mechanisms of Metal and Metalloid Uptake by the Kidney |
| Effects of Metals/Metalloids on the Kidney |
| Mechanisms of Renal Cell Injury |
| Renal Biomarkers |
| Metal/Metalloid Interactions in the Kidney |
| Metal Ions Affecting the Hematological System / Nickolette Roney ; Henry G. Abadin ; Bruce Fowler |
| Exposure to Metals and Their Mixtures |
| Metals Affecting the Hematological System |
| Binary Interactions of Metals and Hematological Effects |
| Interaction of Metals with other Chemicals |
| Conclusions |
| Metal Ions Affecting the Immune System / Irina Lehmann ; Ulrich Sack ; Jörg Lehmann |
| Immunotoxicity and Immunomodulation |
| Effect of Heavy Metals on Innate Immunity |
| Effect of Heavy Metals on Adaptive Immunity |
| Mechanisms of Heavy Metal-Induced Immunotoxic/Immunomodulatory Effects |
| Influence of Heavy Metals on the Resistance Toward Infections |
| Chronic Inflammation and Autoimmunity |
| Metal Ions Affecting the Skin and Eyes / Alan B. G. Lansdown |
| Metal Ions and Metal Ion Gradients in the Physiology and Homeostasis of Mammalian Skin |
| Xenobiotic Metal Ions |
| Carcinogenicity of Metal Ions in the Skin |
| The Eye |
| General Conclusions |
| Metal Ions Affecting the Neurological System |
| Metals Affecting the Neurological System |
| Interaction of Metals and Neurological Effects |
| Interactions of Metals with Other Chemicals |
| Metal Ions Affecting Reproduction and Development / Pietro Apostoli ; Simona Catalani |
| Time and Duration of Exposure |
| Mechanisms of Action |
| Reproductive Effects |
| Abortions and Other Pregnancy Effects |
| Prenatal Exposure and Developmental Effects |
| Early Postnatal Exposure and Developmental Effects |
| Concluding Remarks and Needs for Further Research |
| Are Cadmium and Other Heavy Metal Compounds Acting as Endocrine Disrupters? / Andreas Kortenkamp |
| A Model for Estrogen Receptor Activation by Cadmium |
| Cadmium Exposure and Cancer Risks in Endocrine-Sensitive Tissues |
| In Vivo Studies of Estrogenic Effects of Cadmium |
| Cadmium and Other Heavy Metals in In Vitro Cell-Based Assays of Estrogenicity |
| Weight of Evidence and Implications for Human Risk Assessment |
| Genotoxicity of Metal Ions: Chemical Insights / Wojciech Bal ; Anna Maria Protas ; Kazimierz S. Kasprzak |
| Overview of Chemical and Biochemical Processes Leading to Genotoxic Lesions |
| Mechanisms of Metal Ion Genotoxicity |
| Genotoxic Properties of Selected Metals |
| Critical Overview of the Experimental Methods for Studying the Genotoxic Potential of Metals |
| Metal Ions in Human Cancer Development / Erik J. Tokar ; Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa ; Michael P. Waalkes14： |
| Known Human Metallic Carcinogens |
| Probable and Possible Metallic Carcinogens |
| Potential Mechanisms of Metallic Carcinogens |
| Periods of Particular Sensitivity to Inorganic Carcinogens |
| Future Issues in Metal Carcinogenesis |
| Subject Index |
| Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series |
| Preface to Volume 8 |
| Contributors to Volume 8 |
| Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series |
| Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series |
| Understanding Combined Effects for Metal Co-Exposure in Ecotoxicology / Rolf Altenburger1： |
