Discovery and Origins / Part I: |
Discovery / 1: |
Zwischenstrang |
A Brief Overview of the Past 120 Years |
1890-1950s |
1960s-1970s |
1980s to the 21st Century |
Neural Crest and Germ-Layer Theory |
Germ-Layer Theory |
Multiple Tissues from Single Layers |
Heads and Tails |
Secondary Neurulation and Tail Buds |
Induction of Tail Buds |
Neural Crest as the Fourth Germ Layer |
Neural Crest as Inhibitor |
Notes |
Embryological Origins and the Identification of Neural Crest Cells / 2: |
Neural Crest |
Before Neurulation |
Establishing the Epidermal-Neural Border |
NCC Markers and Specification of the NC |
HNK-1 and Pax7 |
Snail-2, Bmp4, and Cadherins |
Sox Genes |
Wnt genes |
Specification of Ectoderm as Neural or Epidermal |
NC Induction |
Bmps, Wnts, and Fgfs |
Xenopus |
Chicken Embryos |
A Role for Notch in NCC Induction |
A Role for Bmps in NCC Induction and Beyond |
Zic3 and Zic5 |
Msx Genes and Specification of NCCs |
Establishing Cranial and Trunk Neural Crest |
Mouse Embryos |
Ectoderm from the Most Rostral Neural Tube |
Rostrocaudal Patterning of CNC |
Hox Genes |
A Role for Mesoderm |
The Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary |
Dlx Genes and Dorsoventral Patterning of CNC |
Delamination, Migration, and Potential / 3: |
Delamination |
Cellular Changes Driving Delamination |
Cadherins |
Extracellular Spaces and Delamination |
Migration |
Pathways of CNCC Migration |
Pathways of TNCC Migration |
Migration into Dorsal Fins and Tails |
Molecular Control of NCC Migration |
Extracellular Matrices, Cell Surface Ligands, and Receptors |
Permitting Migration |
Fibronectin |
Proteoglycan Complexes |
Neural Crest Cells Contribute to Extracellular Matrices to Permit Migration |
Thrombospondins |
Tyrosine Kinases Receptors (Trk) |
Ephrins and Eph Receptors |
Inhibiting Migration |
Components of ECMs |
Guiding Migrating NCCs |
Barriers and Components of ECMs |
The Environment at the Final Destination |
Endothelins |
Semaphorins, Delamination, and Migration |
Subpopulations of NCCs |
Restricted Premigratory and Early Migrating Populations of TNCCs |
Restriction During Migration |
Restriction Along the Neural Axis |
Differentiation |
Differentiation of Bipotential Cells |
A Role for Growth Factors |
Dedifferentiate and Redifferentiate |
Summary |
Evolutionary Origins / 4: |
Precursors of the Neural Crest |
Cephalochordates |
Genes and Gene Networks in Cephalochordates |
AmphiSnaill |
Hox genes: AmphiHox1-AmphiHox12 |
AmphiDll |
AmphiOtx |
AmphiBmp |
AmphiPax |
Retinoic Acid and Retinoic Acid Receptors |
Urochordates-Ascidians |
Nervous System and Notochord |
Pigment Cells |
Calcitonin |
Bipotentiality and Conditional Specification |
Genetic Control of Ascidian Neural Development |
Bmps |
Snail and Hnf3 |
Pax Genes |
Fossil Chordates |
Burgess Shale |
Chengjiang Formation |
The First Vertebrates |
The Pharyngeal Skeleton |
The Origin of Cartilage |
Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics |
Molecular Fingerprinting: Genetic Labeling/Selection and GeneChip Microarray Technology |
Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Jaws |
Jaws from Gill Arches? |
Neural-Crest Derivatives / Part II: |
Pigment Cells (Chromatophores) / 5: |
Types of Chromatophores |
Melanosomes |
Lampreys |
Urodele and Anuran Amphibians |
Patterns of Pigmentation |
Larval-to-Adult Patterns |
Teleost Fish |
Migration and Cell Fate |
Larval Patterns |
Genes and Cell Lines |
Birds |
Patterning Feather Tracts |
Non-Avian Reptiles |
Mammals |
Pattern Formation |
Neurocristopathies |
Neuronal Cells and Nervous Systems / 6: |
The Neural Crest, Neurons, and Nervous Systems |
The Peripheral Nervous System-Spinal and Cranial Ganglia |
Placodal Ectoderm |
Placodal Markers and Specification of Placodal Ectoderm |
The Panplacodal Domain |
Induction of Individual Placodes |
The Autonomic Nervous System |
Schwann Cells |
Glial Cells |
Vagal and Sacral Neural Crest |
Rohon-Beard Neurons |
Apoptosis Removes R-B Neurons |
Neural Crest Origin and Relationships to Other Neurons |
Genetic Control of R-B Neurons |
Cartilage Cells and Skeletal Systems / 7: |
Pharyngeal Skeletons of Hagfish |
Pharyngeal Skeletons of Lamprey |
Cartilages |
Vitamin A |
Amphibian Craniofacial Skeletons |
Extirpating and Transplanting Amphibian Neural Crest |
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction Required to Initiate Chondrogenesis |
Cascades of Interactions in Amphibian Craniofacial Development |
Labeling Amphibian CNCCs |
Timing of Migration |
Mapping CNCCs in Fish |
Elasmobranchs |
Teleosts |
Zebrafish Mutants and Pharyngeal Arch Development |
Distalless (Dlx) and the First and Second Pharyngeal Arches |
Chameleon (Con) and the Caudal Pharyngeal Arches |
Chinless (Chn) and the Absence of NCC from all Pharyngeal Arches |
Ninja and the Growth of Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages |
Skeletogenic NCCs in Reptiles |
CNCCs |
TNCCs |
Avian CNCCs |
3H-thymidine Labeling |
Quail/Chicken Chimeras |
The Chondrogenic CNC |
Cell Lineages in CNCCs |
CNCCs and Muscle Patterns |
Mapping the Mouse CNC |
Teeth and Hearts: The Odontogenic and Cardiac Neural Crests / 8: |
Teeth |
The Odontogenic Neural Crest |
Teeth but not Cartilage from Trunk NCCs |
Cartilage from TNCCs? |
Origination of Dentine and Bone |
Hearts |
Indirect Effects of Cranial NCCs on Heart Function |
Direct Effects of Cranial NCCs on Heart Function |
The Avian Cardiac Neural Crest |
Cardiac Cartilages |
Cardiac Neural Crest in Fish and Amphibians |
Cardiac Neural Crest in Mammals |
Cardiac Defects |
Abnormal Development and the Neural Crest / Part III: |
Antiquity / 9: |
Syndromology and Neural Tube Defects |
The Utility of the Germ-Layer Theory |
Types of Neurocristopathies |
CHARGE Syndrome |
PAX6 and CHD7 |
Neuroblastomas |
The Neoplastic State |
Diagnosis |
RaLP |
Model Systems |
von Recklinghausen Neurofibromatosis |
Involvement of Non-Neural-Crest Cells |
John Merrick-the 'Elephant Man' |
Animal Models and Mutations |
APUDomas |
Hirschsprung Disease |
DiGeorge Syndrome |
Genetics |
Genes Involved |
NCC Development Revisited in the Context of Birth Defects / 10: |
Susceptible Stages of Neural Crest Development |
Defective Migration |
Defective Proliferation |
Enhanced Cell Death |
Defective Induction |
Vitamin A, Craniofacial Defects, and the Neural Crest |
Direct Action In Vivo |
Craniofacial Defects |
Mechanisms of Action |
Indirect Effects |
Evolutionary Origins of Sensitivity to Retinoic Acid |
Defects Following Disruption of the Hox Code |
Hoxa1 |
Hoxa2 |
Hoxa1, Hoxa2, and Hoxb1 |
Mutations and Birth Defects |
Looptail |
Splotch |
Regulation |
Sources of Cells |
Completeness of Regulation |
Pharyngeal-Arch Regulation |
Dorsal Root Ganglion Regulation |
Regulation of Cardiac Neural Crest |
Placodal Regulation from the Cardiac Neural Crest? |
Neural Crest Cells as Stem Cells |
Bi-, Tri-, and Multipotential NCCs |
What is a Stem Cell? |
NCCs as Stem Cells |
Common Names of Species Discussed |
Species (with Common Names) Arranged by Major Groups |
References |
Index |
Discovery and Origins / Part I: |
Discovery / 1: |
Zwischenstrang |
A Brief Overview of the Past 120 Years |
1890-1950s |
1960s-1970s |