| Discovery and Origins / Part I： |
| Discovery / 1： |
| Zwischenstrang |
| A Brief Overview of the Past 120 Years |
| 1890-1950s |
| 1960s-1970s |
| 1980s to the 21st Century |
| Neural Crest and Germ-Layer Theory |
| Germ-Layer Theory |
| Multiple Tissues from Single Layers |
| Heads and Tails |
| Secondary Neurulation and Tail Buds |
| Induction of Tail Buds |
| Neural Crest as the Fourth Germ Layer |
| Neural Crest as Inhibitor |
| Notes |
| Embryological Origins and the Identification of Neural Crest Cells / 2： |
| Neural Crest |
| Before Neurulation |
| Establishing the Epidermal-Neural Border |
| NCC Markers and Specification of the NC |
| HNK-1 and Pax7 |
| Snail-2, Bmp4, and Cadherins |
| Sox Genes |
| Wnt genes |
| Specification of Ectoderm as Neural or Epidermal |
| NC Induction |
| Bmps, Wnts, and Fgfs |
| Xenopus |
| Chicken Embryos |
| A Role for Notch in NCC Induction |
| A Role for Bmps in NCC Induction and Beyond |
| Zic3 and Zic5 |
| Msx Genes and Specification of NCCs |
| Establishing Cranial and Trunk Neural Crest |
| Mouse Embryos |
| Ectoderm from the Most Rostral Neural Tube |
| Rostrocaudal Patterning of CNC |
| Hox Genes |
| A Role for Mesoderm |
| The Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary |
| Dlx Genes and Dorsoventral Patterning of CNC |
| Delamination, Migration, and Potential / 3： |
| Delamination |
| Cellular Changes Driving Delamination |
| Cadherins |
| Extracellular Spaces and Delamination |
| Migration |
| Pathways of CNCC Migration |
| Pathways of TNCC Migration |
| Migration into Dorsal Fins and Tails |
| Molecular Control of NCC Migration |
| Extracellular Matrices, Cell Surface Ligands, and Receptors |
| Permitting Migration |
| Fibronectin |
| Proteoglycan Complexes |
| Neural Crest Cells Contribute to Extracellular Matrices to Permit Migration |
| Thrombospondins |
| Tyrosine Kinases Receptors (Trk) |
| Ephrins and Eph Receptors |
| Inhibiting Migration |
| Components of ECMs |
| Guiding Migrating NCCs |
| Barriers and Components of ECMs |
| The Environment at the Final Destination |
| Endothelins |
| Semaphorins, Delamination, and Migration |
| Subpopulations of NCCs |
| Restricted Premigratory and Early Migrating Populations of TNCCs |
| Restriction During Migration |
| Restriction Along the Neural Axis |
| Differentiation |
| Differentiation of Bipotential Cells |
| A Role for Growth Factors |
| Dedifferentiate and Redifferentiate |
| Summary |
| Evolutionary Origins / 4： |
| Precursors of the Neural Crest |
| Cephalochordates |
| Genes and Gene Networks in Cephalochordates |
| AmphiSnaill |
| Hox genes: AmphiHox1-AmphiHox12 |
| AmphiDll |
| AmphiOtx |
| AmphiBmp |
| AmphiPax |
| Retinoic Acid and Retinoic Acid Receptors |
| Urochordates-Ascidians |
| Nervous System and Notochord |
| Pigment Cells |
| Calcitonin |
| Bipotentiality and Conditional Specification |
| Genetic Control of Ascidian Neural Development |
| Bmps |
| Snail and Hnf3 |
| Pax Genes |
| Fossil Chordates |
| Burgess Shale |
| Chengjiang Formation |
| The First Vertebrates |
| The Pharyngeal Skeleton |
| The Origin of Cartilage |
| Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics |
| Molecular Fingerprinting: Genetic Labeling/Selection and GeneChip Microarray Technology |
| Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Jaws |
| Jaws from Gill Arches? |
| Neural-Crest Derivatives / Part II： |
| Pigment Cells (Chromatophores) / 5： |
| Types of Chromatophores |
| Melanosomes |
| Lampreys |
| Urodele and Anuran Amphibians |
| Patterns of Pigmentation |
| Larval-to-Adult Patterns |
| Teleost Fish |
| Migration and Cell Fate |
| Larval Patterns |
| Genes and Cell Lines |
| Birds |
| Patterning Feather Tracts |
| Non-Avian Reptiles |
| Mammals |
| Pattern Formation |
| Neurocristopathies |
| Neuronal Cells and Nervous Systems / 6： |
| The Neural Crest, Neurons, and Nervous Systems |
| The Peripheral Nervous System-Spinal and Cranial Ganglia |
| Placodal Ectoderm |
| Placodal Markers and Specification of Placodal Ectoderm |
| The Panplacodal Domain |
| Induction of Individual Placodes |
| The Autonomic Nervous System |
| Schwann Cells |
| Glial Cells |
| Vagal and Sacral Neural Crest |
| Rohon-Beard Neurons |
| Apoptosis Removes R-B Neurons |
| Neural Crest Origin and Relationships to Other Neurons |
| Genetic Control of R-B Neurons |
| Cartilage Cells and Skeletal Systems / 7： |
| Pharyngeal Skeletons of Hagfish |
| Pharyngeal Skeletons of Lamprey |
| Cartilages |
| Vitamin A |
| Amphibian Craniofacial Skeletons |
| Extirpating and Transplanting Amphibian Neural Crest |
| Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction Required to Initiate Chondrogenesis |
| Cascades of Interactions in Amphibian Craniofacial Development |
| Labeling Amphibian CNCCs |
| Timing of Migration |
| Mapping CNCCs in Fish |
| Elasmobranchs |
| Teleosts |
| Zebrafish Mutants and Pharyngeal Arch Development |
| Distalless (Dlx) and the First and Second Pharyngeal Arches |
| Chameleon (Con) and the Caudal Pharyngeal Arches |
| Chinless (Chn) and the Absence of NCC from all Pharyngeal Arches |
| Ninja and the Growth of Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages |
| Skeletogenic NCCs in Reptiles |
| CNCCs |
| TNCCs |
| Avian CNCCs |
| 3H-thymidine Labeling |
| Quail/Chicken Chimeras |
| The Chondrogenic CNC |
| Cell Lineages in CNCCs |
| CNCCs and Muscle Patterns |
| Mapping the Mouse CNC |
| Teeth and Hearts: The Odontogenic and Cardiac Neural Crests / 8： |
| Teeth |
| The Odontogenic Neural Crest |
| Teeth but not Cartilage from Trunk NCCs |
| Cartilage from TNCCs? |
| Origination of Dentine and Bone |
| Hearts |
| Indirect Effects of Cranial NCCs on Heart Function |
| Direct Effects of Cranial NCCs on Heart Function |
| The Avian Cardiac Neural Crest |
| Cardiac Cartilages |
| Cardiac Neural Crest in Fish and Amphibians |
| Cardiac Neural Crest in Mammals |
| Cardiac Defects |
| Abnormal Development and the Neural Crest / Part III： |
| Antiquity / 9： |
| Syndromology and Neural Tube Defects |
| The Utility of the Germ-Layer Theory |
| Types of Neurocristopathies |
| CHARGE Syndrome |
| PAX6 and CHD7 |
| Neuroblastomas |
| The Neoplastic State |
| Diagnosis |
| RaLP |
| Model Systems |
| von Recklinghausen Neurofibromatosis |
| Involvement of Non-Neural-Crest Cells |
| John Merrick-the 'Elephant Man' |
| Animal Models and Mutations |
| APUDomas |
| Hirschsprung Disease |
| DiGeorge Syndrome |
| Genetics |
| Genes Involved |
| NCC Development Revisited in the Context of Birth Defects / 10： |
| Susceptible Stages of Neural Crest Development |
| Defective Migration |
| Defective Proliferation |
| Enhanced Cell Death |
| Defective Induction |
| Vitamin A, Craniofacial Defects, and the Neural Crest |
| Direct Action In Vivo |
| Craniofacial Defects |
| Mechanisms of Action |
| Indirect Effects |
| Evolutionary Origins of Sensitivity to Retinoic Acid |
| Defects Following Disruption of the Hox Code |
| Hoxa1 |
| Hoxa2 |
| Hoxa1, Hoxa2, and Hoxb1 |
| Mutations and Birth Defects |
| Looptail |
| Splotch |
| Regulation |
| Sources of Cells |
| Completeness of Regulation |
| Pharyngeal-Arch Regulation |
| Dorsal Root Ganglion Regulation |
| Regulation of Cardiac Neural Crest |
| Placodal Regulation from the Cardiac Neural Crest? |
| Neural Crest Cells as Stem Cells |
| Bi-, Tri-, and Multipotential NCCs |
| What is a Stem Cell? |
| NCCs as Stem Cells |
| Common Names of Species Discussed |
| Species (with Common Names) Arranged by Major Groups |
| References |
| Index |
| Discovery and Origins / Part I： |
| Discovery / 1： |
| Zwischenstrang |
| A Brief Overview of the Past 120 Years |
| 1890-1950s |
| 1960s-1970s |
