List of Contributors |
Historical Introduction and Ecological Fundamentals / Part 1: |
Ecotoxicological Research--Historical Development and Perspectives / Sven Erik Jorgensen1: |
Summary / 1.1: |
When Did It Start? / 1.2: |
Modelling and Ecotoxicology / 1.3: |
The Trends in the 1980s / 1.4: |
Estimation of Ecotoxicological Properties / 1.5: |
Ecosystem Considerations / 1.6: |
References / 1.7: |
Ecosystem Principles for Ecotoxicological Analyses / Helmut Lieth2: |
Introduction / 2.1: |
Definition of an Ecosystem / 2.3: |
The Structure of Ecosystems / 2.4: |
Physiognomic Structure / 2.4.1: |
Chemical Structure / 2.4.2: |
Elemental Differences / 2.4.3: |
Differences Between Chemical Compounds / 2.4.4: |
Genetic Structure / 2.4.5: |
Information Structure / 2.4.6: |
Physical Structure / 2.4.7: |
The Function of Ecosystems / 2.5: |
Energy Flow / 2.5.1: |
The Flow of Material / 2.5.2: |
The Flow of Information / 2.5.3: |
Ecotoxicology and Ecosystems / 2.6: |
Literature / 2.7: |
Literature List for Element Concentrations in Halophytes (Table 2.1, Column 10) / 2.7.2: |
Internet Citations / 2.7.3: |
Sensitivity of Ecosystems and Ecotones / Otto Franzle3: |
Population and Community Stability / 3.1: |
Different Notions of Stability / 3.3.1: |
Demographic Measures of Stability / 3.3.2: |
Nondemographic Measures of Stability / 3.3.3: |
Sensitivity of the Soil System / 3.4: |
Sensitivity-Related Soil Qualities and Processes / 3.4.1: |
Ecological Soil Functions as Sensitivity Measures / 3.4.2: |
Ecotones / 3.5: |
Ecotone Typology / 3.5.1: |
Sensitivity of Ecotones / 3.5.2: |
Sensitivity of Aquatic Ecosystems / 3.6: |
Reactions of Aquatic Ecosystems to Stress / 3.6.1: |
Sensitivity to Different Stressors / 3.6.2: |
Appraisal / 3.7: |
Population Dynamics of Plants Under Exposure and the Selection of Resistance / Wilfried H. O. Ernst3.8: |
Quantitative Principles of Population Dynamics in Plants / 4.1: |
Qualitative Principles of Population Dynamics / 4.4: |
Reaction Pattern to Exposure--The Dose / 4.5: |
Exposure Concentration and Exposure Time / 4.6: |
Exposure Time and Life History / 4.7: |
Conclusion / 4.8: |
Community Ecology and Population Interactions in Freshwater Systems / Bruno Streit4.9: |
Toxicants and Communities / 5.1: |
Abiotic and Biotic Factors Influencing Communities / 5.3: |
Why Concentrate on Freshwater Systems in this Chapter? / 5.4: |
The Biological Community: Superorganism or Loose Species Assemblage? / 5.5: |
Classifications and Characterizations of Freshwater Communities / 5.6: |
Many Niches for Many Species / 5.7: |
Two-Level Trophic Interactions / 5.8: |
Multilevel Trophic Interactions / 5.9: |
Nontrophic Interferences / 5.10: |
Conclusions: How Should Toxic Effects on Communities be Interpreted? / 5.11: |
Outlook / 5.12: |
Chemicals in the Environment / 5.13: |
Distribution and Biogeochemistry of Inorganic Chemicals in the Environment / Bernd Markert6: |
Occurrence of Chemical Elements in the Environment / 6.1: |
The Significance of Chemical Elements in Living Organisms / 6.3: |
Interelemental Correlations / 6.3.1: |
The Biological Function of Individual Elements / 6.3.2: |
The Uptake Form of Individual Elements by the Plant / 6.3.3: |
The Emission of Chemical Elements into the Environment / 6.4: |
Cycles and Residence Times of Chemical Elements in the Environment / 6.5: |
Nitrogen as an Example of a Macronutrient and "Environmental Pollutant" / 6.5.1: |
Tin as an Example of a Microelement That is Both Essential and Toxic / 6.5.2: |
Remedial Measures for Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals / 6.6: |
Essentiality, Occurrence, Toxicity and Uptake Form of Individual Elements in the Environment / 6.7: |
Estimated Annual Production of Individual Elements in the Year 2000 (Unless Otherwise Specified) and Examples of Their Technical Application / Appendix A.6.2: |
Speciation of Chemical Elements in the Environment Rolf-Dieter Wilken / 7: |
What Does "Speciation" Mean? / 7.1: |
Speciation of Elements / 7.4: |
Classically Defined Species / 7.4.1: |
Operationally Defined Species / 7.4.2: |
Dynamics of Species / 7.4.3: |
Analytical Tools for Species Determination / 7.5: |
Future Aspects / 7.6: |
Measurement Needed / 7.6.1: |
Remediation Approaches / 7.6.2: |
Multimedia Mass Balance Models of Chemical Distribution and Fate / Don Mackay7.7: |
Mathematical Basis / 8.1: |
Environmental Media / 8.4: |
Levels of Complexity / 8.5: |
Model Structure and Variables / 8.6: |
Existing Models / 8.7: |
Fugacity Models / 8.7.1: |
Nonfugacity Models / 8.7.2: |
Round Robins / 8.7.3: |
An Illustration of a Multimedia Model / 8.8: |
Level I / 8.8.1: |
Level II / 8.8.2: |
Level III / 8.8.3: |
Applications of Multimedia Models / 8.9: |
Conclusions / 8.10: |
Abiotic Transformation Reactions / Eric J. Weber8.11: |
Hydrolysis / 9.1: |
Hydrolysis Kinetics / 9.3.1: |
Mechanisms of Hydrolysis / 9.3.2: |
Redox Reactions / 9.4: |
Oxidation / 9.4.1: |
Reduction / 9.4.2: |
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Redox Reactions / 9.4.3: |
Transformation of Chlorinated Xenobiotics in the Environment / Heidelore Fiedler ; Christoph Lau9.5: |
Definitions and Basics of Environmental Processes / 10.1: |
Volatilization / 10.2.1: |
Sorptive and Desorptive Processes / 10.2.2: |
Bioconcentration / 10.2.3: |
Biological Degradation / 10.3: |
General Considerations / 10.3.1: |
Environmental Factors Influencing Biodegradation Rates / 10.3.2: |
Chemical Factors Influencing Biodegradation Rates / 10.3.3: |
General Rules for Degradability of Chlorinated Organics / 10.3.4: |
Aerobic Environments and Aerobic Respiration / 10.3.5: |
Anaerobic Environments and Anaerobic Respiration / 10.3.6: |
Sequential Biodegradation / 10.3.7: |
Degradation Under Environmental Conditions / 10.3.8: |
Nonbiological Degradation Processes / 10.4: |
Photochemical Degradation / 10.4.1: |
Chemical Degradation / 10.4.2: |
Environmental Fate of Chlorinated Organics / 10.4.3: |
Classification of Chlorinated Organics / 11.1: |
Naturally Occurring Chlorinated Organic Compounds / 11.3.1: |
Chlorinated Compounds of Anthropogenic Origin / 11.3.2: |
Short-Chain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons / 11.4: |
Chemical Identity and Environmental Levels / 11.4.1: |
Chemical and Toxicological Properties / 11.4.2: |
Ecotoxicological Relevance / 11.4.3: |
Photooxidation of Perchloroethane and Trichloroacetyl Chloride / 11.4.4: |
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) / 11.5: |
Toxicity of PCDD/PCDF / 11.5.1: |
Environmental Behavior / 11.5.3: |
National Inventories / 11.5.4: |
National Mass Balances / 11.5.5: |
Reservoirs / 11.5.6: |
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) / 11.6: |
Legal Situation / 11.6.1: |
PCB Levels in the Environment / 11.6.3: |
Environmental Fate of PCB / 11.6.4: |
Toxicity of PCB / 11.6.5: |
Global Distribution--Long-Range Transport / 11.7: |
Organochlorine Substances in the Marine Environment / 11.8: |
Criteria Important for an Environmental Impact Assessment / 11.8.1: |
Generation of Priority Compounds / 11.8.3: |
Environmental Risk Assessment for Chlorinated Pesticides / 11.9: |
General Aspects / 11.9.1: |
Toxicity Ranking System for Chlorinated Pesticides / 11.9.2: |
Results / 11.9.3: |
Discussion / 11.9.4: |
Ecochemistry of Toxaphene / Mehmet Coelhan ; Harun Parlar11.10: |
Composition of Toxaphene / 12.1: |
Isolation and Identification of Environmentally Relevant Toxaphene Components / 12.4: |
Occurrence of Toxaphene in the Environment / 12.5: |
Plants / 12.5.1: |
Animals / 12.5.2: |
Soil / 12.5.3: |
Air / 12.5.4: |
Water and Sediments / 12.5.5: |
Photodegradation of Toxaphene Components / 12.6: |
Degradation of Toxaphene Components in Soil / 12.7: |
Degradation of Toxaphene by Animals / 12.8: |
Degradation of Toxaphene by Plants / 12.9: |
Toxicity, Mutagenicity, and Cancerogenicity of Toxaphene / 12.10: |
Structure-Degradability Relationship of Toxaphene Components / 12.11: |
Specimen Banking as an Environmental Surveillance Tool / Antonius Kettrup ; Petra Marth12.12: |
Bioindicators / 13.1: |
Idea of Environmental Specimen Banking / 13.4: |
Realization / 13.5: |
Sampling / 13.5.1: |
Analytical Sample Characterization / 13.5.2: |
Conclusions and Future Perspectives / 13.6: |
Bioaccumulation and Biological Effects of Chemicals / 13.7: |
Bioaccumulation of Chemicals by Aquatic Organisms / Des W. Connell14: |
Significance of Biomagnification in Aquatic Systems / 14.1: |
Influence of Type of Compound on Bioconcentration / 14.4: |
The Mechanism of Bioconcentration and Biomagnification / 14.5: |
Influence of Some Biological Characteristics on Bioconcentration / 14.6: |
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for Bioconcentration / 14.7: |
Kinetics of Bioconcentration / 14.8: |
Bioaccumulation in the Natural Environment / 14.9: |
Metal Bioaccumulation in Freshwater Systems: Experimental Study of the Actions and Interactions Between Abiotic and Contamination Factors / Alain Boudou ; Beatrice Inza ; Sylviane Lamaire-Gony ; Regine Maury-Brachet ; Muriel Odin ; Francis Ribeyre14.10: |
Methodological Bases / 15.1: |
Examples of Results / 15.4: |
Effects of Abiotic Factors and Interactions Between These Factors on Mercury Bioaccumulation in Burrowing Mayfly Nymphs / 15.5: |
Process-Oriented Descriptions of Toxic Effects / Sebastiaan A. L. M. Kooijman15.6: |
Ecotoxicology / 16.1: |
Risk Assessment / 16.2.2: |
Standard Descriptions / 16.3: |
LC[subscript 50] and Gradient / 16.3.1: |
Problems / 16.3.2: |
EC[subscript 50] / 16.3.3: |
Dynamic Energy Budgets / 16.3.4: |
Toxicokinetics / 16.5: |
Effects / 16.6: |
Effects on Survival / 16.6.1: |
Effects on Growth and Reproduction / 16.6.2: |
Effects on Population Dynamics / 16.7: |
Toxicity Patterns / 16.8: |
Temperature / 16.8.1: |
pH / 16.8.2: |
Body Size and Reserves / 16.8.3: |
Solubility in Fat / 16.8.4: |
Classes of Compounds / 16.8.5: |
Sensitivity Among Species / 16.8.6: |
Conclusions and Perspectives / 16.9: |
Cellular Response Profile to Chemical Stress / Helmut Segner ; Thomas Braunbeck16.10: |
Interaction with Membrane Processes / 17.1: |
Intracellular Fate of Chemicals / 17.4: |
Intracellular Receptors / 17.5: |
Interaction with Nuclear Structures and Functions / 17.6: |
Protective Molecules and Processes / 17.7: |
Cell Injury and Death / 17.8: |
Function of Cell Toxicology in Ecotoxicology / 17.9: |
Long-Term Effects of Chemicals in Aquatic Organisms / Horst Peter ; Wolfgang Heger17.10: |
Prediction of Prolonged and Long-Term Effects from LC/EC[subscript 50] Time Curves / 18.1: |
Predictability of Prolonged and Long-Term No Effect Concentrations from Acute Toxicity Data / 18.4: |
Evaluation of Data from Pesticide Registrations and Notifications According to the Chemicals Act / 18.5: |
Bioaccumulation and Prolonged Toxicity / 18.6: |
Prolonged and Chronic Tests for Aquatic Organisms / 18.7: |
NOEC and EC[subscript x] / 18.7.1: |
Algal Inhibition Test (92/69/EWG, Part C.3) / 18.7.2: |
Daphnia, Acute Immobilization Test and Reproduction Test Part II--Reproduction Test Duration of at Least 14 Days, OECD 202, Part II / 18.7.3: |
Fish, Prolonged Toxicity Test: 14-Day Study, OECD 204 / 18.7.4: |
Fish, Juvenile Growth Test--28 Days, OECD, Draft / 18.7.5: |
Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test, OECD 210 / 18.7.6: |
Fish, Toxicity Test on Egg and Sac Fry Stages, OECD, Draft / 18.7.7: |
Chronic Toxicity Test for Fish / 18.7.8: |
Effects of Heavy Metals in Plants at the Cellular and Organismic Level / 18.8: |
Metal Availability / 19.1: |
Sensitivity and Resistance to Heavy Metals / 19.4: |
Sensitivity and Resistance at the Cellular Level / 19.4.1: |
The Plasma Membrane / 19.4.2: |
The Cytosol / 19.4.3: |
Protein Metabolism / 19.4.4: |
Cell Organelles / 19.4.5: |
Reaction of Plant Parts to a Surplus of Heavy Metals / 19.5: |
Seeds and Germination / 19.5.1: |
Seedling Stage / 19.5.2: |
Root Growth and Metal Exposure / 19.5.3: |
Shoot Growth and Leaf Response to a Surplus of Metals / 19.5.4: |
Reproductive Growth and Metal Exposure / 19.5.5: |
The Individual / 19.6: |
Assessment of Ecotoxicity at the Population Level using Demographic Parameters / Nico M. van Straalen ; Jan E. Kammenga19.7: |
Demographic Techniques / 20.1: |
Population Performance Indices in Ecotoxicological Studies / 20.4: |
Sensitivity Analysis Based on Life-History Responses to Toxicants / 20.5: |
Trade-off Relationships among Demographic Characters / 20.6: |
Effects of Pollutants on Soil Invertebrates: Links between Levels / Jason M. Weeks20.7: |
Why Soil Invertebrates? / 21.1: |
Structural and Functional Characteristics Required to Evaluate the Condition of Ecosystems / 21.4: |
Levels of Organization for Evaluating the Effects of Chemicals / 21.5: |
The Value of Mesocosm Experiments as Links to Real Ecosystems / 21.6: |
Biomarkers: Advantages and Disadvantages / 21.7: |
Biomarkers and Links to Ecological Effects: Laboratory Versus Field Studies / 21.8: |
An Example of the Use of Soil Invertebrate Biomarkers to Assess Ecological Damage to a Forest System / 21.9: |
Diagnosis and Establishment of a Link to Causation / 21.10: |
Contributions to An Ecological Risk Assessment / 21.11: |
Ecotoxic Modes of Action of Chemical Substances / Gerrit Schuurmann22: |
Two Branches of Ecotoxicology / 22.1: |
Outline of Subsequent Sections / 22.2.2: |
Cause-Effect Relationships in the Field / 22.3: |
DDT / 22.3.1: |
Acid Rain / 22.3.2: |
Chlorofluorocarbons / 22.3.3: |
Biochemical Background and Modes of Toxic Action / 22.4: |
Biotransformation / 22.4.1: |
Classification of Chemical Toxicity / 22.4.2: |
Compound Properties and Molecular Descriptors / 22.5: |
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient / 22.5.1: |
Dissociation Constant in Aqueous Solution / 22.5.2: |
Hammett Equation / 22.5.3: |
Ground-State Global Molecular Reactivity / 22.5.4: |
Ground-State Local Molecular Reactivity / 22.5.5: |
Transition-State Theory / 22.5.6: |
Molecular Mode-of-Action Analysis of Compound Toxicity / 22.6: |
Aromatic Phosphorothionates / 22.6.1: |
Chlorophenols and Nitrophenols / 22.6.2: |
Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants / 22.6.3: |
Triorganotins and other Organic Heavy Metals / 22.6.4: |
Unsaturated Alcohols / 22.6.5: |
Concluding Remarks / 22.7: |
Endpoints and Thresholds in Ecotoxicology / John Cairns, Jr.22.8: |
The Ecological Paradigm Shift / 23.1: |
Ecotoxicology and Sustainable Use of the Planet / 23.3: |
Ecotoxicology and Ecosystem Health / 23.4: |
Concepts of Ecosystem Health: Utilitarian vs Philosophical / 23.5: |
Ecotoxicology at the Landscape Level / 23.6: |
Obstacles to the Development of Landscape Ecotoxicology / 23.7: |
Balancing our Technological and Ecological Life Support System / 23.8: |
Thresholds, Process Endpoints, and Ecosystem Service Delivery / 23.9: |
Modeling Ecological Risks of Pesticides: A Review of Available Approaches / Lawrence W. Barnthouse23.10: |
Endpoints / 24.1: |
Model Evaluation Criteria / 24.2.2: |
Past Reviews / 24.2.3: |
Description of Modeling Approaches / 24.3: |
Age/Stage-Structured Models / 24.3.1: |
Individual-Based Models / 24.3.2: |
Metapopulation Models / 24.3.3: |
Spatially Explicit Models / 24.3.4: |
Integration of Ecological Models into the New Paradigm / 24.4: |
Types of Model Applications / 24.4.1: |
State of Development of Modeling Approaches / 24.4.2: |
Conclusions and Recommendations / 24.5: |
Current and Future Test Strategies in Terrestrial Ecotoxicology / Reinhard Debus24.6: |
Terrestrial Ecotoxicology / 25.1: |
Evaluation of Substances / 25.3: |
Substance-Related Evaluation and Limiting Values for Soils / 25.4: |
Evaluation of Soil Quality / 25.5: |
Alternative Assays for Routine Toxicity Assessments: A Review / Colin Janssen25.6: |
Microbial Test Systems / 26.1: |
General / 26.3.1: |
Microbiotests / 26.3.2: |
Algal Toxicity Tests / 26.4: |
Invertebrates / 26.4.1: |
The Use of Alternative Toxicity Tests in a Battery of Screening Assays / 26.5.1: |
Conclusions and Research Perspectives / 26.7: |
Legislative Perspective in Ecological Risk Assessment / Jan Ahlers ; Robert Diderich26.8: |
Risk Assessment within the EU / 27.1: |
Environmental Exposure Assessment / 27.3.1: |
Environmental Effects Assessment / 27.3.2: |
Risk Characterization / 27.3.3: |
Example of a Risk Assessment of a Chemical Substance According to the EU Scheme / 27.3.4: |
Comparison with Other Countries / 27.3.5: |
Discussion and Perspectives / 27.4: |
Availability of Data / 27.4.1: |
Assessment Scheme for the Aquatic Compartment / 27.4.2: |
Assessment Scheme for the Terrestrial Compartment / 27.4.3: |
Influence of Persistence and Bioaccumulation Potential / 27.4.4: |
Index / 27.5: |