| 1 Quantum Theory for Near-Field Nano-Optics K. Cho, H. Hori, K. Kitahara 1 |
| 1.1 Resonant Near-Field Optics 4 |
| 1.1.1 Outline of Microscopic Nonlocal Response Theory 5 |
| 1.1.2 Resonant SNOM 9 |
| 1.1.3 Coupling of Cavity Modes and Matter Excitation 11 |
| 1.2 Quantization of Evanescent Waves and Optical Near-Rield Interaction of Atoms 13 |
| 1.2.1 State of Vector Fields 14 |
| 1.2.2 Radiative Fields Near a Planar Dielectric Surface 17 |
| 1.2.3 Detector-Mode Functions and Field Quantization 19 |
| 1.2.4 Multipole Radiation near a Dielectric Surface 23 |
| 1.2.5 Spontaneous Radiative Lifetime in an Optical Near-Field 25 |
| 1.3 Quantum Mechanical Aspects of Optical Near-Field Problems 27 |
| 1.3.1 Properties of Near-Field Optical Interactions 27 |
| 1.3.2 Observations and Transport Properties in the Near-Field 29 |
| 1.3.3 Local Mode Descriptions and Compatibility with Macroscopic Descriptions 30 |
| References 32 |
| 2 Electromagnetism Theory and Analysis for Near-Field Nano-Optics S. Kawata, K. Tanaka, N. Takahashi 35 |
| 2.1 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis of a Near-Field Microscope System 36 |
| 2.1.1 Near-Field Microscope as a Multiple Scattering System 36 |
| 2.1.2 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Algorithm for NSOM Imaging 37 |
| 2.1.3 NSOM Image Without Effects of Probe-Sample Interaction 39 |
| 2.1.4 NSOM Image When the Probe-Sample Interaction in Included 41 |
| 2.1.5 Effect of the Probe-Sample Distance on the Generated NSOM Images 44 |
| 2.1.6 Dependence of NSOM Image on the Spatial Frequency Content of Sample Surface 45 |
| 2.2 Reconstruction of an Optical Image from NSOM Data 47 |
| 2.2.1 Necessity for Numerical Inversion of the NSOM System 47 |
| 2.2.2 NSOM Image of Dielectric Strips 47 |
| 2.2.3 Deconvolution of Dielectric Strips with Nonnegativity Constraint 49 |
| 2.2.4 Reconstruction of Metal Strips 50 |
| 2.3 Radiation Force Exerted near a Nano-Aperture 51 |
| 2.3.1 Radiation Force to Trap a Small Particle 51 |
| 2.3.2 Force Distribution Exerted on the Sphere near a Subwavelength Aperture 54 |
| 2.3.3 Force Exerted on Two Spheres in the Near-Field of a Small Aperture 57 |
| References 58 |
| 3 High-Resolution and High-Throughput Probes M. Ohtsu, K. Sawada 61 |
| 3.1 Excitation of a HE-Plasmon Mode 64 |
| 3.1.1 Mode Analysis 64 |
| 3.1.2 Edged Probes for Exciting a HE-Plasmon Mode 64 |
| 3.2 Multiple-Tapered Probes 66 |
| 3.2.1 Double-Tapered Probe 66 |
| 3.2.2 Triple-Tapered Probe 70 |
| References 73 |
| Apertureless Near-Field Probes S. Kawata, Y. Inouye, T. Kataoka, T. Okamoto 75 |
| 4.1 Local Plasmon in a Metallic Nanoparticle 76 |
| 4.1.1 Local Plasmon Resonance in a Metallic Nanoparticle 76 |
| 4.1.2 Local Plasmon Resonance in a Metallic Nanoparticle above a Substrate 79 |
| 4.1.3 Optical Sensor Using Colloidal Gold Monolayers 82 |
| 4.1.4 Gold Nanoparticle Probe 85 |
| 4.2 Laser-Trapping of a Metallic Particle for a Near-Field Microscope Probe 87 |
| 4.2.1 Mechanism of Laser Trapping 88 |
| 4.2.2 Laser Trapping of a Probe for NSOM 89 |
| 4.2.3 Experimental Setup 90 |
| 4.2.4 Feedback Stabilization of a Particle 90 |
| 4.2.5 Experimental Results 91 |
| 4.3 Near-Field Enhancement at a Metallic Probe 93 |
| 4.3.1 Field Enhancement at the Tip 93 |
| 4.3.2 Near-Field Raman Spectroscopy 96 |
| 4.4 Scattering Near-Field Optical Microscope with a Microcavity 101 |
| 4.4.1 Resonant Microcavity Probe 101 |
| 4.4.2 FDTD Simulation of a Resonant Microcavity Probe 102 |
| 4.4.3 Fabrication of a "Resonant Microcavity Probe" 104 |
| 4.4.4 Observation of a Vacuum-Evaporated Gold Film 106 |
| References 107 |
| 5 Integrated and Functional Probes T. Ono, M. Esashi, H. Yamada, Y. Sugawara, J. Takahara, K. Hane 111 |
| 5.1 Micromachined Probes 111 |
| 5.1.1 Fabrication of a Miniature Aperture 112 |
| 5.1.2 Throughput Measurement 116 |
| 5.1.3 Fabrication of an Aperture Having a Metal Nanowire at the Center 117 |
| 5.1.4 Imaging with a Fabricated Aperture Probe 119 |
| 5.2 Light Detection from Force 120 |
| 5.2.1 Method of Measuring Optical Near-Field Using Force 121 |
| 5.2.2 Imaging Properties 124 |
| 5.3 High Efficiency Light Transmission Through a Nano-Waveguide 126 |
| 5.3.1 Low-Dimensional Optical Wave and Negative Dielectric 126 |
| 5.3.2 One-Dimensional Optical Waveguides 127 |
| 5.3.3 Negative-Dielectric Pin and Hole 128 |
| 5.3.4 Negative-Dielectric Tube 131 |
| 5.3.5 Lossy Waveguides and Applications 132 |
| References 133 |
| 6 High-Density Optical Memory and Ultrafine Photofabrication M. Irie 137 |
| 6.1 Photochromic Memory Media 138 |
| 6.2 Near-Field Optical Memory 141 |
| 6.2.1 Diarylethenes 141 |
| 6.2.2 Perinaphthothioindigo 142 |
| 6.3 Future Prospects for Near-Field Optical Memory 144 |
| 6.4 Nanofabrication: Chemical Vapor Deposition 144 |
| 6.5 Nanofabrication: Organic Film 147 |
| References 149 |
| 7 Near-Field Imaging of Molecules and Thin Films M. Fujihira, S. Itoh, A. Takahara, O. Karthaus, S. Okazaki, K. Kajikawa 151 |
| 7.1 Near-Field Imaging of Molecules and Thin Films 151 |
| 7.1.1 Preparation of Organic Thin Films 151 |
| 7.1.2 Control of Tip-Sample Separation 151 |
| 7.1.3 Various Modes of Observations 152 |
| 7.1.4 Optical Recording on Organic Thin Films 152 |
| 7.2 Two-Dimensional Morphology of Ultrathin Polymer Films 152 |
| 7.2.1 Materials, Preparation of Films, and Apparatus 153 |
| 7.2.2 Observation of Two-Dimensional Morphology 156 |
| 7.2.3 Conclusion 161 |
| 7.3 Observation of Polyethylene (PE) Crystals 161 |
| 7.3.1 AFM and NSOM Observation of PE Single Crystals 161 |
| 7.3.2 AFM and NSOM Observation of Melt-Crystallized PE Thin Films 163 |
| 7.3.3 Conclusions 167 |
| 7.4 Preparation of Micrometer-Sized Chromophore Aggregates 168 |
| 7.4.1 Control of Aggregation 168 |
| 7.4.2 Mesoscopic Patterns 169 |
| 7.4.3 Mechanism of Pattern Formation 169 |
| 7.4.4 Chromophore-Containing Mesoscopic Patterns 170 |
| 7.4.5 Azobenzene-Containing Polyion Complex 171 |
| 7.4.6 Mesoscopic Line Pattern of Poly (hexylthiophene) 173 |
| 7.5 Application to Electrochemical Research 174 |
| 7.5.1 Fabrication of an Aluminum Nanoelectrode SNOM Probe to Stimulate Electroluminescent (EL) Polymers 174 |
| 7.5.2 Integration of STM with SNOM Microscopy by Fabricating Original Chemically Etched Conducting Hybrid Probes 176 |
| 7.5.3 Development of a New Type of AFM/SNOM Integrated System 178 |
| 7.5.4 Biological Applications 180 |
| 7.6 Second-Harmonic Generation in Near-Field Optics 184 |
| 7.6.1 Materials and Apparatus 186 |
| 7.6.2 SHG Observation 186 |
| 7.6.3 Conclusion 187 |
| References 187 |
| 8 Near-Field Microscopy for Biomolecular Systems T. Yanagida, E. Tamiya, H. Muramatsu, P. Degenaar, Y. Ishii, Y. Sako, K. Saito, S. Ohta-Iino, S. Ogawa, G. Marriott, A. Kusumi, H. Tatsumi 191 |
| 8.1 Near-Field Imaging of Human Chromosomes and Single DNA Molecules 192 |
| 8.1.1 SNOAM System 193 |
| 8.1.2 SNOAM Imaging of Human Chromosomes [19] 194 |
| 8.1.3 SNOAM Imaging of a Single DNA Molecule [20｝ 198 |
| 8.2 Imaging of Biological Molecules 199 |
| 8.2.1 Myosin-Actin Motors 199 |
| 8.2.2 Membrane Receptors 209 |
| 8.2.3 ATP Synthase 215 |
| 8.3 Cell and Cellular Functions 220 |
| 8.3.1 Near-Field Fluorescent Microscopy of Living Cells 220 |
| 8.3.2 Dynamics of Cell Membranes 222 |
| 8.3.3 Near-Field Imaging of Neuronal Cell and Transmitter 229 |
| References 233 |
| 9 Near-Field Imaging of Quantum Devices and Photonic Structures M. Gonokami, H. Akiyama, M. Fukui 237 |
| 9.1 Spectroscopy of Quantum Devices and Structures 237 |
| 9.1.1 Near-Field Microscopy with a Solid-Immersion Lens 238 |
| 9.1.2 Solid-Immersion Microscopy of GaAs Nanostructures 242 |
| 9.1.3 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Single Quantum Dots Using NSOM 247 |
| 9.2 Observation of Polysilane by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope in the Ultraviolet (UV) Region 251 |
| 9.2.1 Morphologies and Quantum Size Effects of Single InAs Quantum Dots Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy 255 |
| 9.2.2 Photonic Structures Consisting of Dielectric Spheres 257 |
| 9.2.3 Interaction of a Near-Field Light with Two-Dimensionally Ordered Spheres 265 |
| 9.2.4 Photonic-Band Effect on Near-Field Optical Images of 2-D Sphere Arrays 270 |
| 9.3 Near-Field Photon Tunneling 275 |
| 9.3.1 What is Photon Tunneling? 275 |
| 9.3.2 Resonant Photon Tunneling Through a Photonic Double-Barrier Structure 277 |
| 9.3.3 Resonant Photon Tunneling Mediated by a Photonic Dot 280 |
| 9.3.4 Concluding Remarks 281 |
| References 281 |
| 10 Other Imaging and Applications N. Umeda, A. Yamamoto, R. Nishitani, J. Bae, T. Tanaka, S. Yamamoto 287 |
| 10.1 Birefringent Imaging with an Illumination-Mode Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope 287 |
| 10.1.1 Principle 288 |
| 10.1.2 Apparatus 289 |
| 10.1.3 System Performance 291 |
| 10.1.4 Observation of Sample 292 |
| 10.1.5 Conclusion 294 |
| 10.2 Plain-Type Low-Temperature NSOM System 294 |
| 10.2.1 Experimental Setup 295 |
| 10.2.2 Results and Discussion 296 |
| 10.2.3 Conclusion 298 |
| 10.3 STM-Induced Luminescence 298 |
| 10.3.1 Theoretical Model 298 |
| 10.3.2 Experimental Method 299 |
| 10.3.3 Results 300 |
| 10.3.4 Conclusion 304 |
| 10.4 Energy Modulation of Electrons with Evanescent Waves 304 |
| 10.4.1 Sensing an Optical Near-Field with Electrons 304 |
| 10.4.2 Metal Microslit 304 |
| 10.4.3 Experiment 306 |
| 10.4.4 Conclusion 308 |
| 10.5 Manipulation of Particles by Photon Force 308 |
| 10.5.1 Method 308 |
| 10.5.2 Experiments 309 |
| 10.5.3 Conclusion 314 |
| References 315 |
| Index 317 |
| 1 Quantum Theory for Near-Field Nano-Optics K. Cho, H. Hori, K. Kitahara 1 |
| 1.1 Resonant Near-Field Optics 4 |
| 1.1.1 Outline of Microscopic Nonlocal Response Theory 5 |
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