List of Illustrations page |
Notes on Contributors |
General Editors' Preface |
Introduction / Peter J. Bowler ; John V. Pickstone1: |
Workers and Places / Part I: |
Amateurs and Professionals / David E. Allen2: |
The Preprofessional Era |
Categorizing the Amateurs |
The Culture of Collecting |
Academicization |
Attempted Adaptations |
Internal Salvation |
Convergence |
Discovery and Exploration / Roy Macleod3: |
Linking Universes |
Science and the Expansion of Europe |
Universal Knowledge: Humboldt's Cosmos |
Science and National Glory |
Science and Internationalism |
Looking Ahead |
Museums / Mary P. Winsor4: |
Museums to 1792 |
The Paris Model, 1793-1809 |
Impact of the Paris Model, 1810-1859 |
The Museum Movement, 1860-1901 |
Dioramas and Diversity, 1902-1990 |
Field Stations and Surveys / Keith R. Benson5: |
Surveys in Nature |
Field Stations |
Universities / Jonathan Harwood6: |
A Map of the Changing Terrain |
The Power of Patrons |
The Consequences of Institutional Location |
Conclusion |
Geological Industries / Paul Lucier7: |
Mining Schools |
Government Surveys |
Private Surveys |
Industrial Science |
Geology and Industry |
The Pharmaceutical Industries / John P. Swann8: |
Influence from Alkaloids and the Dyestuff Industry |
Impact of Biological Medicines |
Political and Legal Elements |
Industry versus Professional Pharmacy |
War as a Catalyst to Industrial Development |
Industrial Growth and the Role of Research |
Regulating the Industry |
Consolidating the Industry |
Public and Environmental Health / Michael Worboys9: |
1800-1890: The Health of Towns |
1890-1950: The Health of Nations |
1950-2000: World Health |
Analysis and Experimentation / Part II: |
Geology / Mott T. Greene10: |
Stratigraphy: The Basic Activity of Geology |
Mountains and Movement |
Ice Ages and Secular Cooling of the Earth |
Age and Internal Structure of the Earth |
Economic Geology |
Geology in the Twentieth Century |
Paleontology / Ronald RaingerII: |
Cuvier, Extinction, and Stratigraphy |
Paleontology and Progress |
Paleontology and Evolution |
Paleontology and Modern Darwinism |
Paleontology and Biogeography |
Museums and Paleontology |
Zoology / Mario A. Di Gregorio12: |
The Natural System and Natural Theology |
The Philosophical Naturalists |
The Triumph of Typology |
From Darwin to Evolutionary Typology |
Tensions within Evolutionism |
Into the Twentieth Century |
Botany / Eugene Cittadino13: |
Beyond Linnaeus: Systematics and Plant Geography |
Botanical Gardens |
The "New Botany" |
Linking Field and Laboratory, Theory and Practice |
Evolution / Jonathan Hodge14: |
The Influence of Buffon and Linnaeus |
Lamarck: The Direct and Indirect Production by Nature of All Living Bodies |
After Cuvier, Oken, and Lamarck |
Darwin: The Tree of Life and Natural Selection |
After Darwin |
Evolutionary Biology since Mendelism |
Conclusion: Controversies and Contexts |
Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology / Susan C. Lawrence15: |
Anatomy: Humans and Animals |
Human Anatomy |
Comparative Anatomy |
Tissues and Cells |
The Cell Theory |
Histology |
Ultrastructure |
Embryology / Nick Hopwood16: |
Making Embryology |
Histories of Development |
Embryos as Ancestors |
Experiment and Description |
Organizers, Gradients, and Fields |
Embryos, Cells, Genes, and Molecules |
Embryology and Reproduction |
Microbiology / Olga Amsterdamska17: |
Speciation, Classification, and the Infusoria |
Wine, Life, and Politics: Pasteur's Studies of Fermentation |
The Bacteriological Revolution |
Institutionalization of Bacteriology |
Between Protozoology and Tropical Diseases |
Bacteriology between Botany, Chemistry, and Agriculture |
Microbiology between the Brewing Industry and (Bio)chemistry |
Genetics of Microorganisms and Molecular Biology |
Conclusions |
Physiology / Richard L. Kremer18: |
Foundational Narratives |
Newer Narratives |
The Disappearance of Physiology? |
Pathology / Russell C. Maulitz19: |
Pathology's Prehistory |
First Transition: Tissue Pathology |
Second Transition: Cellular Pathology |
Third Transition: Clinical Pathology |
Popular Forensic Pathology |
Recent Translational Medicine |
New Objects and Ideas / Part III: |
Plate Tectonics / Henry Frankel20: |
The Classical Stage of the Mobilist Controversy: From Alfred Wegener to the End of the Second World War |
The Modern Controversy over Continental Drift |
Geophysics and Geochemistry / David Oldroyd21: |
The Size, Shape, and Weight of the Earth: Gravimetry and Associated Theories |
Seismology |
Geomagnetism |
Geological Synthesis from Results of Geophysical Investigations |
Chemical Analyses of Rocks and Minerals |
Geochemistry |
Physico-chemical Petrology |
Geochemical Cycles |
Mathematical Models / Jeffrey C. Schank ; Charles Twardy22: |
Physiology and Psychology |
Evolution and Ecology |
Development and Form |
Mathematical Statistics |
Integrative Modeling: An Example from the Neurosciences |
Computers and Mathematical Modeling |
Genes / Richard M. Burian ; Doris T. Zallen23: |
Before Mendel |
From Mendel to the Turn of the Century |
The Development of Genetics and the Gene Concept up to World War II |
Postwar Novelties: The Material of the Gene and Gene Action |
The Gene in the Light of Recent Historiography |
Ecosystems / Pascal Acot24: |
The Study of Plant Communities |
The Concept of "Biocoenosis" |
The Integration of Physical Factors |
The First Qualitative Outline of an Ecological System |
From Plant Successions to Organicism in Ecology |
Thirty Years of Controversies |
Population Dynamics |
The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecosystems |
Odum's Fundamentals of Ecology |
From Ecosystems to Global Ecology |
Immunology / Thomas S⊙derqvist ; Craig Stillwell ; Mark Jackson25: |
Immunity as a Scientific Object |
The Emergence of Immunology |
The Consolidation of Immunology |
Immunity as an Object for Historical Inquiry |
Cancer / Jean-Paul Gaudillière26: |
The Clinical Cancer: Tumors, Cells, and Diagnosis |
The First Technological Disease: Cancer and Radiotherapy |
Cancer as Social Disease: Voluntary Health Organizations and Big Biomedicine |
Cancer as a Biological Problem |
Routine Experimentation: Chemotherapy and Clinical Trials |
Cancer Numbers: Risk and the Biomedicalization of Everyday Life |
Conclusion: The Cancer Cell after a Century? |
The Brain and the Behavioral Sciences / Anne Harrington27: |
Ghosts and Machines: Descartes, Kant, and Beyond |
The Piano that Plays Itself: From Gall to Helmholtz |
Imagining Building Blocks: From Language to Reflex |
Electricity, Energy, and the Nervous System from Galvani to Sherrington |
Haunted by Our Past: The Brain in Evolutionary Time |
The Subject Strikes Back: Hysteria and Holism |
Technological Imperatives and the Making of "Neuroscience" |
History of Biotechnology / Robert Bud28: |
The Early History |
From Zymotechnics to Biotechnics |
Biochemical Engineering |
Molecular Biology |
Science and Culture / Part IV: |
Religion and Science / James Moore29: |
A Victorian Rubric |
Freethought |
Natural Theology |
Earth History |
Darwin |
The Conflict |
Beyond "Religion and Science" |
Biology and Human Nature / 30: |
Mind and Brain |
Evolution, Psychology, and the Social Sciences |
Human Origins and Social Values |
Biology and Gender |
Heredity and Genetic Determinism |
Experimentation and Ethics / Susan E. Lederer31: |
Before Claude Bernard |
Animals and the Victorians |
Science in the Service of the State |
The World Medical Association and Research after Nuremberg |
Animals and Ethics |
Living with the Past History of Human Experimentation |
Environmentalism / Stephen Bocking32: |
Environmentalism and Science in the Nineteenth Century |
The Emergence of the Administrative State |
Entering the Twentieth Century |
The Environmental Revolution |
The Roles and Authority of Science |
Politics and Science |
Popular Science / 33: |
The "Dominant View" and Its Critics |
Nineteenth-Century Popular Science Writing |
The Early Twentieth Century |
Later Developments |
Index |
List of Illustrations page |
Notes on Contributors |
General Editors' Preface |
Introduction / Peter J. Bowler ; John V. Pickstone1: |
Workers and Places / Part I: |
Amateurs and Professionals / David E. Allen2: |