Preface |
References |
Acknowledgments |
Remote Sensing by Radar / 1: |
State of the Art / 1.1: |
Overview / 1.1.1: |
Radar Capabilities at the End of World War II / 1.1.2: |
Strip Maps and Side-Looking Radar / 1.1.3: |
Spaceborne Radar / 1.1.4: |
Surface Effects and Emerging Techniques / 1.2: |
Effects of Surface Characteristics / 1.2.1: |
Modern Techniques for Sensing Surface Characteristics / 1.2.2: |
Basic Concepts and Definitions / 2: |
Radar Reflectivity / 2.1: |
The Radar Equation for Free Space / 2.1.1: |
Radar Cross Section of Targets / 2.1.2: |
Normalized Radar Cross Section / 2.1.3: |
Coherence and Incoherence of a Scattered Field / 2.1.4: |
Rayleigh Roughness Criterion, Specular Reflection, and Scattering / 2.1.5: |
Far Field of Radar Targets / 2.1.6: |
Effects of Radar Frequency Changes / 2.1.7: |
Echo Fluctuations / 2.1.8: |
The Earth and Its Effects on Radar / 2.2: |
Effects of the Earth's Curvature and Refraction / 2.2.1: |
The Effect of Interference on a Target / 2.2.2: |
Nature of the Sea Surface and Wind Speed Statistics / 2.2.3: |
Propagation over the Horizon / 2.2.4: |
Attenuation and Scattering by the Atmosphere / 2.2.5: |
Polarization, Depolarization, and Theories of Scattering / 3: |
Polarization and Depolarization / 3.1: |
Polarization Scattering Matrix / 3.1.1: |
Relationships Between Linear and Circular Polarizations / 3.1.2: |
A Randomly Oriented Dipole / 3.1.3: |
A Dihedral Reflector / 3.1.4: |
Depolarization Caused by an Ensemble of Randomly Oriented Dipoles / 3.1.5: |
Theories for Radar Cross Section of Rough Surfaces / 3.2: |
Simple Models Including the Constant Gamma Model / 3.2.1: |
Classical Interference Theory / 3.2.2: |
The Tangent Plane Approximation / 3.2.3: |
Very Rough Surfaces / 3.2.4: |
The Facet Model / 3.2.5: |
The Slightly Rough Planar Surface / 3.2.6: |
Ripples on Water / 3.2.7: |
Vegetation Model / 3.2.8: |
Composite Surfaces / 3.2.9: |
Doppler Spectra of Sea Echo / 3.2.10: |
Effects of the Earth's Surface / 4: |
Fundamental Concepts / 4.1: |
Reflections from a Rough, Spherical Earth / 4.1.1: |
Reflection Coefficient for a Flat, Smooth Earth / 4.1.3: |
Effect of a Flat, Smooth Earth on Target Echo / 4.1.4: |
Echo from Targets That Are Above a Flat, Smooth Earth / 4.2: |
Range and Depression Angle Dependencies for a Small Object Above a Smooth Earth / 4.2.1: |
Vertically Extensive Objects Above a Smooth Earth / 4.2.2: |
Propagation Factors for Circular, Horizontal, and Vertical Polarizations Above a Smooth Earth / 4.2.3: |
Propagation Factors for a Cloud of Scatterers Above a Smooth Earth / 4.2.4: |
Effects of Surface Roughness on Forward-Scattered Fields / 4.3: |
Reflection Coefficient for Rough Surfaces / 4.3.1: |
Shadowing / 4.3.2: |
Depolarization / 4.3.3: |
Echo from Targets That Are Above a Physically Rough Earth / 4.4: |
Variation of Echo Power with Range / 4.4.1: |
Range at Which Idealized R[superscript -4] and R[superscript -8] Curves Intersect / 4.4.2: |
Relative Cross Sections for Circular Polarizations / 4.4.3: |
A Cloud of Scatterers / 4.4.4: |
Effects of the Diffuse Component on Target Echo / 4.4.5: |
Multipath Effects on Echo from Land and Sea / 4.5: |
Effects of Multipath Interference / 4.5.1: |
Multipath Interference and Shadowing / 4.5.2: |
Echo Fluctuations and Spectra / 5: |
Introduction / 5.1: |
Spectra and Autocorrelation Functions / 5.1.1: |
Amplitude Statistics / 5.1.2: |
Ground Echo Fluctuations / 5.2: |
Nature of Ground Echoes / 5.2.1: |
Temporal Amplitude Distributions for Terrain / 5.2.2: |
Spatial Amplitude Statistics / 5.2.3: |
Noncoherent Spectra and Autocorrelation Functions of Land / 5.2.4: |
Coherent Land Doppler Spectra / 5.2.5: |
Lincoln Laboratory Spectral Model / 5.2.6: |
Power in Fast and Slow Land Spectra / 5.2.7: |
Bragg Spectra from Inland Water / 5.2.8: |
Concluding Remarks on Ground Echo Fluctuations / 5.2.9: |
Visual Observations of Sea Echo / 5.3: |
Characteristics Revealed by an A-Scope Display / 5.3.1: |
Results from Fixed Range Sampling / 5.3.2: |
Subjective Radar/Optical Comparisons and Anomalies / 5.3.3: |
Observations of Bishop and of Lewis and Olin / 5.3.4: |
Sea Echo Statistics and Spectra / 5.4: |
Amplitude Distributions / 5.4.1: |
Spectra Observed with Noncoherent Radar / 5.4.2: |
Autocorrelation Functions / 5.4.3: |
Noncoherent Spectra and Relationships with Sea Surface Mechanisms / 5.4.4: |
Relative Power in Fast and Slow Fluctuations / 5.4.5: |
Phase Coherent Doppler Spectra / 5.4.6: |
Super Events / 5.4.7: |
Sea Spikes / 5.4.8: |
Concluding Remarks on Sea Echo Fluctuations and Spectra / 5.4.9: |
Space-Time Clutter Amplitude Statistics / 5.5: |
Compound Distributions / 5.5.1: |
The K-Distribution / 5.5.2: |
Rayleigh Modulated by Weibull Statistics / 5.5.3: |
Average and Median Cross Sections / 6: |
General Characteristics of [sigma degree] / 6.1: |
Differences Between Average and Median Values / 6.1.2: |
Smooth Surfaces and Small Grazing Angles / 6.1.3: |
Classical Interference Effect / 6.1.4: |
Problems Associated with Measuring [sigma degree] / 6.1.5: |
Radar Cross Section for Land / 6.2: |
Nature of [sigma degree] for Land / 6.2.1: |
Sample [sigma degree] Land Measurements / 6.2.2: |
Terrain Within Near Vertical and Plateau Regions / 6.2.3: |
Ulaby and Dobson Tables for Terrain / 6.2.4: |
Terrain Within Plateau and Low Grazing Angle Regions / 6.2.5: |
Terrain at Extremely Low Grazing Angles / 6.2.6: |
Concluding Remarks on Average Land Echo / 6.2.7: |
Radar Cross Section for the Sea / 6.3: |
Nature of [sigma degree] for the Sea / 6.3.1: |
Range Dependence at Small Grazing Angles / 6.3.2: |
Dependence on Grazing Angle / 6.3.3: |
Grazing Angle Dependence at Low Frequencies / 6.3.4: |
Nathanson Sea Clutter Tables / 6.3.5: |
Extremely Low Grazing Angles / 6.3.6: |
Dependence of [sigma degree] on Polarization / 6.3.7: |
Dependence of [sigma degree] on the Wind and Sea / 6.3.8: |
GIT Sea Clutter Models / 6.3.9: |
Wavelength Dependence for the Sea / 6.3.10: |
A Two-Scatterer Sea Clutter Model / 6.3.11: |
Oil Slicks and Rain on Water / 6.3.12: |
Concluding Remarks on Average Sea Echo / 6.3.13: |
Interdependence of Polarization Characteristics / 7: |
General Observations / 7.1: |
Coherency, Statistical Independence, and Correlation / 7.1.2: |
A Simplified Polarization Model for Rough Terrain / 7.1.3: |
Use of the Polarization Model for the Moon / 7.1.4: |
Polarization Model with Different Propagation Factors / 7.1.5: |
Echo from Land, Principally Trees / 7.2: |
Amplitude Fluctuations / 7.2.1: |
Interdependence of Amplitude and Phase of Orthogonally Polarized Echoes / 7.2.2: |
Average and Median Value Data, and Depression Angle Dependence / 7.2.3: |
Relative Magnitude of Coherent and Incoherent Scattering from Trees / 7.2.4: |
Sea Echo / 7.3: |
Fluctuations of Orthogonally Polarized Components / 7.3.1: |
Averages and Medians for Linear Polarization / 7.3.2: |
Interdependence of Averages and Medians for Linear and Circular Polarizations / 7.3.3: |
Coherent and Incoherent Scattering from the Sea / 7.3.4: |
Bistatic Land and Sea Clutter / 8: |
Bistatic RCS / 8.1: |
Effective Illuminated Area / 8.2: |
Depolarization and Reduction in RCS / 8.3: |
In-Plane ([phis] = 0 and 180[degree]) Clutter / 8.4: |
The Barton Model / 8.5: |
Ulaby et al. Indoor Measurements / 8.6: |
Out-of-Plane, Small Grazing Angle Data / 8.7: |
Statistical Parameters / Appendix: |
Basics / A.1: |
Probability Density Functions and Distributions / A.2: |
Normal or Gaussian Distribution / A.2.1: |
Rayleigh Distribution / A.2.2: |
Ricean Distribution / A.2.3: |
Lognormal Distribution / A.2.4: |
Weibull Distribution / A.2.5: |
Chi-Square, Gamma, and Weinstock Distributions / A.2.6: |
Standard Deviation of 10 log [sigma] When [sigma] Is Rayleigh Power Distributed / A.3: |
Relationship Between 10 log([characters not reproducible]igma]/[sigma subscript m]) and Its Variance When [sigma] Is Lognormal / A.4: |
About the Author |
Index |
Preface |
References |
Acknowledgments |
Remote Sensing by Radar / 1: |
State of the Art / 1.1: |
Overview / 1.1.1: |