Contributors |
Foreword |
Preface to the Second Edition |
Preface to the First Edition |
Tissue Engineering in Perspective / Eugene Bell |
Origins of Tissue Engineering |
The Tissue Engineering Triad |
What Parts of the Body Can Tissue Engineering Replace? |
Acellular Prostheses |
The Relevance of Developmental Biology |
Can Nature Be Imitated? |
The Need for Vascularization in Vitro and in Vivo |
Stem Cells |
Cell Signaling |
Looking Forward |
References |
Introduction to Tissue Engineering |
The History and Scope of Tissue Engineering / Joseph P. Vacanti ; Charles A. Vacanti1.: |
Introduction |
Scientific Challenges |
General Scientific Issues |
Social Challenges |
The Challenge of Imitating Nature / Robert M. Nerem2.: |
Cell Technology |
Construct Technology |
Integration into the Living System |
Concluding Discussion |
The Basis of Growth and Differentiation / Part I.: |
Organization of Cells into Higher Ordered Structures / Carol A. Erickson3.: |
Cellular Changes Involved in the EMT |
Stimuli of the Transformation |
Conclusion |
Dynamics of Cell-ECM Interactions / Manuela Martins-Green4.: |
Composition and Diversity of the ECM |
Receptors for Extracellular Matrix Molecules |
Cell-ECM Interactions |
Signal Transduction Events during Cell-ECM Interactions |
Relevance for Tissue Engineering |
Matrix Molecules and Their Ligands / Bjorn Reino Olsen5.: |
Fibrillar Collagens: Major Scaffold Proteins in the ECM |
Elastic Fibers and Microfibrils |
Fibronectin: A Multidomain, Multifunctional Adhesive ECM Glycoprotein |
Laminins: Large, Adhesive Basement Membrane Molecules |
Modulators of Cell-Matrix Interactions |
Proteoglycans: Multifunctional ECM and Cell Surface Molecules |
Summary |
Inductive Phenomena / Matthias Hebrok ; Douglas A. Melton6.: |
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Signaling in Endoderm Development |
Lung Development and Instructive Signaling |
Permissive Signaling during Pancreas Development |
Morphogenesis and Tissue Engineering / A. H. Reddi7.: |
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins |
Cartilage-Derived Morphogenetic Proteins |
Pleitropy and Thresholds |
BMPs Bind to Extracellular Matrix |
BMPs: Actions Beyond Bone |
BMP Receptors |
Responding Stem Cells |
Morphogens and Gene Therapy |
Biomimetic Biomaterials |
Tissue Engineering of Bones and Joints |
Future Challenges |
Cell Determination and Differentiation / Leon W. Browder8.: |
Roles of MRFs during Embryogenesis |
Initiation of Skeletal Muscle Development |
In Vitro Control of Tissue Development / Part II.: |
Mechanical and Chemical Determinants of Tissue Development / Donald E. Ingber9.: |
Extracellular Matrix Structure and Function |
Pattern Formation through ECM Remodeling |
Mechanochemical Switching between Growth and Differentiation |
Animal Cell Culture / Gordon H. Sato ; David W. Barnes10.: |
Regulation of Cell Behavior by Matricellular Proteins / Amy D. Bradshaw ; E. Helene Sage11.: |
Matricellular Proteins |
Conclusions |
Growth Factors / Thomas F. Deuel ; Nan Zhang12.: |
Wound Healing |
Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Angiogenesis |
Other Roles of Growth Factors and Cytokines |
Tissue Engineering Bioreactors / Lisa E. Freed ; Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic13.: |
Cell-Polymer Constructs |
Bioreactor Technologies |
Bioreactor Modulation of Tissue Formation |
Bioreactor Cultivation of Functional Tissues |
Tissue Engineering Bioreactors: State of the Art |
Summary and Research Needs |
Tissue Assembly in Microgravity / Brian R. Unsworth ; Peter I. Lelkes14.: |
Microgravity as a Novel Tissue Culture Venue |
Vascularization: Overcoming Size Limitations of Tissue Assemblies |
From Single Cells to Tissues in Space |
In Vitro Embryology |
Gravitational Sensing |
Caveats |
In Vivo Synthesis of Tissues and Organs / Part III.: |
Scale of Functional Deficit: Macromolecule versus Organ / Ioannis V. Yannas15.: |
Basic Parameters of the Living Environment during in Vivo Organ Synthesis |
Fundamental Design Principles for Tissue and Organ Regeneration Templates |
Examples of in Vivo Organ Synthesis |
Models for Tissue Engineering / Part IV.: |
Organotypic and Histiotypic Models of Engineered Tissues / 16.: |
The Collagen Gel Model |
Models of Cell Interactions in Collagen Lattices |
Other Types of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Models |
Vascular Models |
Selection of Scaffolds Other Than Gels for Model Systems |
Cell Signaling and the Enrichment of Scaffolds |
Goals and Uses of Model Tissue and Organ Building |
Quantitative Aspects of Tissue Engineering: Basic Issues in Kinetics, Transport, and Mechanics / Alan J. Grodzinsky ; Roger D. Kamm ; Douglas A. Lauffenburger17.: |
Molecular Interactions with Cells |
Molecular and Cell Transport through Tissue |
Cell and Tissue Mechanics |
Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering / Part V.: |
Patterning of Cells and Their Environment / Shuichi Takayama ; Robert G. Chapman ; Ravi S. Kane ; George M. Whitesides18.: |
Soft Lithography |
Self-Assembled Monolayers |
Microcontact Printing |
Microfluidic Patterning |
Laminar Flow Patterning |
Conclusion and Future Prospects |
Cell Interactions with Polymers / W. Mark Saltzman19.: |
Methods for Characterizing Cell Interactions with Polymers |
Cell Interaction with Polymer Surfaces |
Cell Interactions with Polymers in Suspension |
Cell Interactions with Three-Dimensional Polymer Scaffolds and Gels |
Matrix Effects / Jeffrey A. Hubbell20.: |
Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Their Receptors |
Model Systems for Study of Matrix Interactions |
Cell Pattern Formation by Substrate Patterning |
Signal Transduction and Functional Regulation via the Extracellular Matrix |
Translation to Working Biomaterial Systems |
Polymer Scaffold Processing / Robert C. Thomson ; Albert K. Shung ; Michael J. Yaszemski ; Antonios G. Mikos21.: |
Fiber Bonding |
Solvent Casting and Particulate Leaching |
Membrane Lamination |
Melt Molding |
Extrusion |
Three-Dimensional Printing |
Gas Foaming |
Freeze Drying |
Phase Separation |
Polymer/Ceramic Composite Foams |
In Situ Polymerization |
Biodegradable Polymers / James M. Pachence ; Joachim Kohn22.: |
Biodegradable Polymer Selection Criteria |
Biologically Derived Bioresorbables |
Experimental Biologically Derived Bioresorbables |
Creating Materials for Tissue-Engineered Products |
Transplantation of Engineered Cells and Tissues / Part VI.: |
Approaches to Transplanting Engineered Cells and Tissues / Janet Hardin-Young ; Jeffrey Teumer ; Robert N. Ross ; Nancy L. Parenteau23.: |
Developing Workable Strategies |
Mode of Action--An Important Design Consideration |
Role of the Host |
Source of Cells |
The Immunology of Nonautologous Cells |
Safety Considerations |
Cryopreservation / Jens O. M. Karlsson ; Mehmet Toner24.: |
Applications of Cryopreservation Technology in Tissue Engineering |
Challenges in Cryopreservation Protocol Development |
Cryobiology of Cells |
Cryobiology of Tissue |
Summary and Future Directions |
Immunomodulation / Denise Faustman25.: |
Origin of the Designer Tissue Concept |
Expansion of Research on Designer Tissues |
Mechanisms of Graft Survival after Class I Donor Ablation or Antibody Masking |
The Launching of Xenogeneic Human Clinical Trials in the United States Using Immunomodulation |
Gene Addition |
RNA Ablation |
Comment |
Immunoisolation / Beth A. Zielinski ; Michael J. Lysaght26.: |
Technology |
Clinical |
Future Directions |
Engineering Challenges in Immunoisolation Device Development / Efstathios S. Avgoustiniatos ; Haiyan Wu ; Clark K. Colton27.: |
Engineering Challenges |
Oxygen-Supply Limitations |
Theoretical Analysis of in Situ Oxygen Generation |
Calculations |
Concluding Remarks |
Fetal Tissue Engineering / Part VII.: |
General Characteristics of Fetal Cells / Dario O. Fauza28.: |
The Fetus as a Transplantation Host |
Ethical Considerations |
Future Perspectives |
Pluripotent Stem Cells / Michael J. Shamblott ; Brian E. Edwards ; John D. Gearhart29.: |
Differentiation in Vitro |
Examples of in Vitro Differentiation and Markers |
In Vivo Applications |
Summary and Future Prospects |
Gene Therapy / Part VIII.: |
Gene-Based Therapeutics / Lee G. Fradkin ; J. Dezz Ropp ; John F. Warner30.: |
Gene Delivery |
Persistent Gene Expression |
Safety Considerations for Gene-Based Therapeutics |
Large-Scale Production Issues |
Breast / Part IX.: |
Breast Reconstruction / Kuen Young Lee ; Craig R. Halberstadt ; Walter D. Holder ; David J. Mooney31.: |
Cell Types for Soft Tissue Engineering |
Materials |
Animal Models |
Strategies to Enhance the Vascularization of Engineered Tissue |
Cardiovascular System / Part X.: |
Blood Vessels / Lian Xue ; Howard P. Greisler32.: |
Graft Healing |
Strategies for the Development of Vascular Grafts |
Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts / Susan J. Sullivan ; Kelvin G. M. Brockbank33.: |
Synthetic Grafts |
In Vitro Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering |
In Vivo Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels |
Cardiac Prostheses / Jack W. Love34.: |
A Short History of Tissue Heart Valves |
The Status of Tissue Valves in 1999 |
The Issue of Whether to Use a Stent |
The Issue of Repair versus Replacement |
Speculation about the Future |
Recent Developments |
The Ideal Valve Repair or Replacement |
Cornea / Part XI.: |
Biology of the Cornea / Vickery Trinkaus-Randall35.: |
Criteria for Keratoprostheses |
Development of the Keratoprosthesis |
Evaluation of Intact Devices |
Other Devices Used to Change the Curvature of the Cornea |
Endocrinology and Metabolism / Part XII.: |
Bioartificial Pancreas / Taylor G. Wang ; Robert P. Lanza36.: |
Theoretical Background |
Experiment |
Capsule Development |
Discussion |
Parathyroid / C. Hasse ; A. Zielke ; T. Bohrer ; U. Zimmermann ; M. Rothmund37.: |
History of Parathyroid Allotransplantation |
Hypoparathyroidism |
Microencapsulation |
Alginates |
Experimental and Clinical Transplantation of Microencapsulated Parathyroid Tissue |
Alternative Approaches and Perspectives |
Gastrointestinal System / Part XIII.: |
Alimentary Tract / Gregory M. Organ38.: |
Enterocyte Isolation |
Procedural Steps |
Liver / Hugo O. Jauregui39.: |
Anatomy and Function of the Liver |
Liver Failure: Pathophysiological Classification |
Mechanisms of HE in Liver Failure |
Medical Need for Liver-Assist Devices |
Biological Component of Liver-Assist Devices |
Liver-Assist Device Configurations |
HepatAssist Liver Support System / Claudy Mullon ; Barry A. Solomon40.: |
HepatAssist System |
Cell Preparation |
Clinical Study |
Lineage Biology and Liver / Arron S. L. Xu ; Thomas L. Luntz ; Jeffrey M. Macdonald ; Hiroshi Kubota ; Edward Hsu ; Robert E. London ; Lola M. Reid41.: |
Liver Organization and Development |
Identification, Isolation, and Sourcing of Cells for Tissue Engineering |
Sourcing of Human Cells for Tissue Engineering |
Microenvironment |
Designing Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering |
Technical Aspects of Tissue Engineering |
Future Considerations |
Hematopoietic System / Part XIV.: |
Red Blood Cell Substitutes / Thomas Ming Swi Chang42.: |
Why Do We Have to Modify Hemoglobin? |
Sources of Hemoglobin |
Circulating Time of Modified Hemoglobin |
Safety of Modified Hemoglobin Blood Substitute |
Efficacy of Modified Hemoglobin Blood Substitute |
Present Status and Future Research and Development |
Lymphoid Cells / Una Chen43.: |
Lymphocyte Engineering: Reality and Potential |
Concluding Remarks and Prospects for Lymphocyte Engineering |
Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Anne Kessinger ; Graham Sharp44.: |
Overview of Hematopoiesis: Properties and Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Relevant to Tissue Engineering |
Organization of the Stem Cell Compartment |
Stromal Microenvironments |
Kidney and Genitourinary System / Part XV.: |
Renal Replacement Devices / H. David Humes45.: |
Basics of Kidney Function |
Tissue Engineering Approach to Renal Function Replacement |
Genitourinary System / Byung-Soo Kim ; Anthony Atala46.: |
Tissue Engineering Strategies in the Genitourinary System |
Engineering Genitourinary Tissues |
Musculoskeletal System / Part XVI.: |
Structural Tissue Engineering / Lawrence J. Bonassar47.: |
Materials Development |
Structural Tissues |
Biomechanics |
Bone Regeneration through Cellular Engineering / Scott P. Bruder ; Arnold I. Caplan48.: |
Marrow: The Source of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells |
Delivery of Osteoprogenitor Cells |
Bone Regeneration by MSCs |
MSCs and Gene Therapy |
Prevention of Age-Related Bone Loss |
Articular Cartilage Injury / John M. McPherson ; Ross Tubo49.: |
Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation |
Commercialization of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation |
Alternative Strategies for the Delivery of Cell-Based Therapies for Cartilage Repair |
Tendons and Ligaments / Francine Goulet ; Denis Rancourt ; Rejean Cloutier ; Lucie Germain ; A. Robin Poole ; Francois A. Auger50.: |
The Need for Bioengineered Tendon and Ligament Substitutes |
Histologic Description of Tendons and Ligaments |
Production of Bioengineered Tendons and Ligaments |
A New Living Bioengineered Ligament Model |
Technical Steps to Produce and Analyze Our bACL |
Perspectives in Tendon and Ligament Bioengineering |
Mechanosensory Mechanisms in Bone / Stephen C. Cowin ; Melvin L. Moss51.: |
The Connected Cellular Network |
Mechanosensation on the CCN |
Questions for Future Research; Socratic Questions |
Myoblast Therapy / Joanne C. Cousins ; Jennifer E. Morgan ; Terence A. Partridge52.: |
Myoblast-Mediated Gene Transfer |
Therapeutic Myoblast Transplantation for Myopathies |
Nervous System / Part XVII.: |
Protection and Repair of Hearing / Richard A. Altschuler ; Yehoash Raphael ; Jochen Schacht ; David J. Anderson ; Josef M. Miller53.: |
Basis for Interventions |
Methods of Intervention |
Vision Enhancement Systems / Gislin Dagnelie ; Mark S. Humayun ; Robert W. Massof54.: |
Visual System: Architecture and (Dys) Function |
Possible Approaches to Vision Restoration |
Current Approaches |
Applications of Engineered Cells and Tissues: Challenges and Tentative Solutions |
Toward "2020" Vision |
Brain Implants / Lars U. Wahlberg55.: |
Naked Cell Implants |
Encapsulated Cell Implants |
Controlled-Release Implants |
Axonal Guidance Implants |
Disease Targets |
Surgical Considerations |
Nerve Regeneration / Eric G. Fine ; Robert F. Valentini ; Patrick Aebischer56.: |
Nerve Regeneration and Neural Tissue Engineering |
Overview of Neural Regeneration |
Experimental Use of Guidance Channels |
Biomaterial-Based Approaches to Nerve Repair |
Tissue Engineering Approaches to Nerve Repair |
Specificity of Nerve Reconnections |
Transplantation Strategies for Treatment of Spinal Cord Dysfunction and Injury / Jacqueline Sagen ; Mary Bartlett Bunge ; Naomi Kleitman57.: |
Spinal Implants as Axon Bridges |
Spinal Implants for Replacement of Specific Cell Populations |
Spinal Implants for Provision of Neurotransmitters |
Neural Stem Cells / Martin P. Vacanti58.: |
Background |
Neural Stem Cell Applications in Tissue Engineering |
Periodontal and Dental Applications / Part XVIII.: |
Periodontal Applications / Neal A. Miller ; Marie C. Bene ; Jacques Penaud ; Pascal Ambrosini ; Gilbert C. Faure59.: |
Guided Tissue Regeneration |
Bone Substitutes |
Dental Implants |
Growth Factors and Plasma Proteins |
Cell Culture Techniques |
Regeneration of Dentin / R. Bruce Rutherford60.: |
Dentin |
Induction Potential of Dentin |
Recombinant Human BMPs Induce Dentin Formation |
Delivery Systems |
Clinical Considerations |
Additional Considerations |
Potential Applications of BMP-Induced Dentinogenesis |
Skin / Part XIX.: |
Wound Repair: Basic Biology to Tissue Engineering / Richard A. F. Clark ; Adam J. Singer61.: |
Inflammation |
Epithelialization |
Granulation Tissue |
Wound Contraction and Extracellular Matrix Reorganization |
Skin Structure and Function / 62.: |
Engineering Skin Tissue |
Epidermal Regeneration |
Dermal Replacement |
Composite Skin Grafts |
Dermal Equivalents / Gail K. Naughton63.: |
Cell Testing and Establishment of Manufacturing Cell Banks |
Manufacturing a Dermal Replacement |
Clinical Results of Wound Healing |