Preface |
Introduction |
Atoms and Molecules; Orbitals and Bonding / Chapter 1.: |
Atoms and Atomic Orbitals / 1.1: |
Covalent Bonds and Lewis Structures / 1.2: |
Introduction to Resonance Forms / 1.3: |
More on Atomic Orbitals / 1.4: |
The Covalent Bond: Hydrogen (H[subscript 2]) / 1.5: |
Bond Strength / 1.6: |
An Introduction to Reactivity: Acids and Bases / 1.7: |
Quantum Mechanics and Babies / 1.8: |
Summary / 1.9: |
Additional Problems / 1.10: |
Alkanes / Chapter 2.: |
The Structure of Methane (CH[subscript 4]) / 2.1: |
Hybrid Orbitals: Making a Better Model for Methane / 2.2: |
Derivatives of Methane: Methyl (CH[subscript 3]) and Methyl Compounds (CH[subscript 3]X) / 2.3: |
The Methyl Cation ([superscript +]CH[subscript 3]), Anion ([superscript -]:CH[subscript 3]), and Radical (.CH[subscript 3]) / 2.4: |
Ethane (C[subscript 2]H[subscript 6]), Ethyl Compounds (C[subscript 2]H[subscript 5]X), and Newman Projections / 2.5: |
Structure Drawings / 2.6: |
Propane (C[subscript 3]H[subscript 8]) and Propyl Compounds (C[subscript 3]H[subscript 7]X) / 2.7: |
Butanes (C[subscript 4]H[subscript 10]), Butyl Compounds (C[subscript 4]H[subscript 9]X), and Conformational Analysis / 2.8: |
Pentanes (C[subscript 5]H[subscript 12]) and Pentyl Compounds (C[subscript 5]H[subscript 11]X) / 2.9: |
The Naming Conventions for Alkanes / 2.10: |
Writing Isomers / 2.11: |
Rings / 2.12: |
Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes / 2.13: |
[superscript 13]C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / 2.14: |
Alkanes as Biomolecules / 2.15: |
Alkenes and Alkynes / 2.16: |
Alkenes: Structure and Bonding / 3.1: |
Derivatives, Isomers, and Names of Alkenes / 3.2: |
Nomenclature / 3.3: |
The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System / 3.4: |
Relative Stability of Alkenes: Heats of Formation / 3.5: |
Double Bonds in Rings / 3.6: |
Physical Properties of Alkenes / 3.7: |
Alkynes: Structure and Bonding / 3.8: |
Relative Stability of Alkynes: Heats of Formation / 3.9: |
Derivatives and Isomers of Alkynes / 3.10: |
Triple Bonds in Rings / 3.11: |
Physical Properties of Alkynes / 3.12: |
Acidity of Alkynes / 3.13: |
Molecular Formulas and Degrees of Unsaturation / 3.14: |
Alkenes and Biology / 3.15: |
Stereochemistry / 3.16: |
Chirality / 4.1: |
Properties of Enantiomers: Physical Differences / 4.2: |
The (R/S) Convention / 4.3: |
The Physical Basis of Optical Activity / 4.4: |
Properties of Enantiomers: Chemical Differences / 4.5: |
Interconversion of Enantiomers by Mobile Equilibria: Gauche Butane / 4.6: |
Diastereomers: Molecules Containing More Than One Stereogenic Atom / 4.7: |
Physical Properties of Diastereomers: Optical Resolution / 4.8: |
Determination of Absolute Configuration (R or S) / 4.9: |
Stereochemical Analysis of Ring Compounds (a Beginning) / 4.10: |
Review of Isomerism / 4.11: |
Chirality without "Four Different Groups Attached to One Carbon" / 4.12: |
Stereochemistry in the Real World: Thalidomide; The Consequences of Being Wrong-Handed / 4.13: |
Rings and Strain / 4.14: |
Quantitative Evaluation of Strain Energy / 5.2: |
Stereochemistry of Cyclohexane: Conformational Analysis / 5.3: |
Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes / 5.4: |
Disubstituted Ring Compounds / 5.5: |
Bicyclic Compounds / 5.6: |
Polycyclic Systems / 5.7: |
Adamantanes in Materials and Biology / 5.8: |
Substitution and Elimination Reactions: The S[subscript N]2, S[subscript N]1, E2, and E1 Reactions / 5.9: |
Alkyl Halides: Nomenclature and Structure / 6.1: |
Reaction Mechanism: Br[o slash]nsted Acids and Bases / 6.2: |
The Arrow Formalism / 6.3: |
Lewis Acids and Bases / 6.4: |
HOMO-LUMO Interactions / 6.5: |
Reactions of Alkyl Halides: The Substitution Reaction / 6.6: |
Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular: The S[subscript N]2 Reaction / 6.7: |
The S[subscript N]2 Reaction in Biochemistry / 6.8: |
Substitution, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular: The S[subscript N]1 Reaction / 6.9: |
Overview of the S[subscript N]2 and S[subscript N]1 Reactions / 6.10: |
The Unimolecular Elimination Reaction: E1 / 6.11: |
The Bimolecular Elimination Reaction: E2 / 6.12: |
What Can We Do with These Reactions? Synthetic Utility / 6.13: |
Equilibria / 6.14: |
Equilibrium / 7.1: |
Gibbs Standard Free Energy Change / 7.2: |
Rates of Chemical Reactions / 7.3: |
Rate Constant / 7.4: |
Energy Barriers in Chemical Reactions: The Transition State and Activation Energy / 7.5: |
Reaction Mechanism / 7.6: |
The Hammond Postulate: Thermodynamics versus Kinetics / 7.7: |
Enzymes and Reaction Rates / 7.8: |
Additions to Alkenes 1 / 7.9: |
Electronegativity / 8.1: |
Mechanism of the Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes / 8.2: |
Regiochemistry / 8.3: |
Resonance Effects / 8.4: |
Review of Resonance: How to Write Resonance Forms / 8.5: |
Resonance and the Stability of Carbocations / 8.6: |
Inductive Effects on Addition Reactions / 8.7: |
H--X Addition Reactions: Hydration / 8.8: |
Dimerization and Polymerization of Alkenes / 8.9: |
Hydroboration / 8.10: |
Utility of Hydroboration: Alcohol Formation / 8.11: |
Rearrangements During H--X Addition to Alkenes / 8.12: |
Rearrangements in Biological Processes / 8.13: |
Additions to Alkenes 2; Additions to Alkynes / 8.14: |
Addition of X[subscript 2] Reagents / 9.1: |
Hydration Through Mercury Compounds: Oxymercuration / 9.2: |
Other Addition Reactions Involving Three-Membered Rings: Oxiranes and Cyclopropanes / 9.3: |
Dipolar Addition Reactions / 9.4: |
Addition Reactions of Alkynes: H--X Addition / 9.5: |
Addition of X[subscript 2] Reagents to Alkynes / 9.6: |
Hydration of Alkynes / 9.7: |
Hydroboration of Alkynes / 9.8: |
Hydrogenation of Alkynes: Syn Hydrogenation / 9.9: |
Reduction by Sodium in Ammonia: Anti Hydrogenation / 9.10: |
Three-membered Rings in Biochemistry / 9.11: |
Radical Reactions / 9.12: |
Formation and Simple Reactions of Radicals / 10.1: |
Structure of Radicals / 10.2: |
Stability of Radicals / 10.3: |
Radical Addition to Alkenes / 10.4: |
Other Radical Addition Reactions / 10.5: |
Radical-Initiated Addition of HBr to Alkynes / 10.6: |
Photohalogenation / 10.7: |
Allylic Halogenation / 10.8: |
Rearrangements (and Nonrearrangements) of Radicals / 10.9: |
Radicals in Your Body: Do Free Radicals Age Us? / 10.10: |
Dienes and the Allyl System; 2p Orbitals in Conjugation / 10.11: |
Allenes: 1,2-Dienes / 11.1: |
Related Systems: Ketenes and Cumulenes / 11.2: |
Allenes as Intermediates in the Isomerization of Acetylenes / 11.3: |
1,3-Dienes / 11.4: |
The Physical Consequences of Conjugation / 11.5: |
Molecular Orbitals and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy / 11.6: |
Polyenes and Vision / 11.7: |
The Chemical Consequences of Conjugation: Addition Reactions of Dienes / 11.8: |
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control of Addition Reactions / 11.9: |
The Allyl System: Three Overlapping 2p Orbitals / 11.10: |
The Allyl Cation: S[subscript N]1 Solvolysis of Allylic Halides / 11.11: |
S[subscript N]2 Reactions of Allylic Halides / 11.12: |
The Allyl Radical / 11.13: |
The Allyl Anion / 11.14: |
The Diels-Alder Reaction of Dienes / 11.15: |
Biosynthesis of Terpenes / 11.16: |
Steroid Biosynthesis / 11.17: |
Conjugation and Aromaticity / 11.18: |
The Structure of Benzene / 12.1: |
A Resonance Picture of Benzene / 12.2: |
The Molecular Orbital Picture of Benzene / 12.3: |
Quantitative Evaluations of Resonance Stabilization (Delocalization Energy) in Benzene / 12.4: |
A Generalization of Aromaticity: Huckel's 4n + 2 Rule / 12.5: |
Annulenes / 12.6: |
Substituted Benzenes / 12.7: |
Physical Properties of Substituted Benzenes / 12.8: |
Heterobenzenes and other Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds / 12.9: |
Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds / 12.10: |
Introduction to the Chemistry of Benzene / 12.11: |
The Benzyl Group and Its Reactivity: Activation of the Adjacent (Benzyl) Position by Benzene Rings / 12.12: |
The Bio-downside: The Mechanism of Carcinogenesis by Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds / 12.13: |
Substitution Reactions of Aromatic Compounds / 12.14: |
Addition Reactions of Benzenes to Give Nonaromatic Compounds: Hydrogenation / 13.1: |
Diels-Alder Reactions / 13.2: |
Other Addition Reactions / 13.3: |
Substitution Reactions of Benzene / 13.4: |
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution / 13.5: |
The Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction / 13.6: |
Friedel-Crafts Acylation / 13.7: |
Stable Carbocations in "Superacid" / 13.8: |
Summary of Simple Aromatic Substitution: What We Can Do So Far / 13.9: |
Disubstituted Benzenes: Ortho, Meta, and Para Substitution / 13.10: |
Inductive Effects in Aromatic Substitution / 13.11: |
Polysubstitution of Aromatic Compounds and Synthesis of Multiply Substituted Benzenes / 13.12: |
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution / 13.13: |
Benzyne / 13.14: |
Biological Synthesis of Aromatic Rings: Phenylalanine / 13.15: |
Analytical Chemistry / 13.16: |
Chromatography / 14.1: |
Mass Spectrometry / 14.2: |
Infrared Spectroscopy / 14.3: |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / 14.4: |
Survey of NMR Spectra of Organic Molecules / 14.5: |
Spin-Spin Coupling: The Coupling Constant, J / 14.6: |
More Complicated Spectra / 14.7: |
Decoupled Spectra / 14.8: |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Other Nuclei / 14.9: |
Determination of the Structure of a Complex Biomolecule: Maitotoxin / 14.10: |
Dynamic NMR / 14.11: |
Carbonyl Chemistry 1: Addition Reactions / 14.12: |
Structure of the Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond / 15.1: |
Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds / 15.2: |
Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds / 15.3: |
Spectroscopy of Carbonyl Compounds / 15.4: |
Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds: Simple Reversible Additions / 15.5: |
Equilibrium in Addition Reactions / 15.6: |
Other Addition Reactions: Additions of Cyanide and Bisulfite / 15.7: |
Addition Reactions Followed by Water Loss: Acetal and Ketal Formation / 15.8: |
Addition Reactions of Nitrogen Bases: Imine and Enamine Formation / 15.9: |
Organometallic Reagents / 15.10: |
Irreversible Addition Reactions / 15.11: |
Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds / 15.12: |
The Wittig Reaction / 15.13: |
Biological Oxidation / 15.14: |
The Chemistry of Alcohols Summarized and Extended: Glycols, Ethers, and Related Sulfur Compounds / 15.15: |
Structure of Alcohols / 16.1: |
Physical Properties of Alcohols / 16.3: |
Spectroscopic Properties of Alcohols / 16.4: |
Acid and Base Properties of Alcohols / 16.5: |
Reactions of Alcohols / 16.6: |
Syntheses of Alcohols / 16.7: |
Dialcohols: Diols or Glycols / 16.8: |
Ethers / 16.9: |
Syntheses of Ethers / 16.10: |
Reactions of Ethers / 16.11: |
Thiols (Mercaptans) and Thioethers (Sulfides) / 16.12: |
Reactions and Syntheses of Thiols and Sulfides / 16.13: |
Crown Ethers / 16.14: |
Carbonyl Chemistry 2: Reactions at the [alpha]-Position / 16.15: |
Aldehydes and Ketones Are Weak Bronsted Acids / 17.1: |
Reactions of Enols and Enolates / 17.2: |
Condensation Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds: The Aldol Condensation / 17.3: |
Reactions Related to the Aldol Condensation / 17.4: |
Problem Solving / 17.5: |
Carbonyl Compounds without [alpha]-Hydrogens: Magid's Third Rule / 17.6: |
The Aldol Condensation in the Real World: Introduction to Modern Synthesis / 17.7: |
Carboxylic Acids / 17.8: |
Nomenclature and Properties of Carboxylic Acids / 18.1: |
Structure of Carboxylic Acids / 18.2: |
Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Carboxylic Acids / 18.3: |
Acidity and Basicity of Carboxylic Acids / 18.4: |
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids / 18.5: |
Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids at the [alpha]-Position / 18.6: |
Syntheses of Carboxylic Acids / 18.7: |
Fatty Acids / 18.8: |
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids: Acyl Compounds / 18.9: |
Physical Properties and Structures of Acyl Compounds / 19.1: |
Spectral Characteristics / 19.3: |
Reactions of Acid Chlorides / 19.4: |
Reactions of Anhydrides / 19.5: |
Addition-Elimination Reactions of Esters / 19.6: |
Reactions of Amides / 19.7: |
Reactions of Nitriles / 19.8: |
Reactions of Ketenes / 19.9: |
Enolate Chemistry of Esters: The Claisen and Related Condensation Reactions / 19.10: |
Variations on the Claisen Condensation / 19.11: |
Forward and Reverse Claisen Condensations in Biology / 19.12: |
Reactions of [beta]-Keto Esters / 19.13: |
Complicated "Fun in Base" Problems / 19.14: |
New Synthetic Routes to Acyl Compounds / 19.15: |
Thermal Elimination Reactions of Esters / 19.16: |
Introduction to the Chemistry of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds: Amines / 19.17: |
Structure and Physical Properties of Amines / 20.1: |
Spectroscopic Properties of Amines / 20.3: |
Acid and Base Properties of Amines / 20.4: |
Reactions of Amines / 20.5: |
Syntheses of Amines / 20.6: |
Alkaloids / 20.7: |
Synthesis of Quinine / 20.8: |
Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Ammonium Ions in Synthesis / 20.9: |
Aromatic Transition States: Orbital Symmetry / 20.10: |
Concerted Reactions / 21.1: |
Electrocyclic Reactions / 21.2: |
Cycloaddition Reactions / 21.3: |
Sigmatropic Shift Reactions / 21.4: |
Sigmatropic Shifts of Carbon / 21.5: |
Other Sigmatropic Shifts / 21.6: |
A Biological Cope Rearrangement / 21.7: |
A Molecule with a Fluxional Structure / 21.8: |
Introduction to Polyfunctional Compounds: Intramolecular Reactions and Neighboring Group Participation / 21.9: |
Heteroatoms as Neighboring Groups / 22.1: |
Neighboring [pi] Systems / 22.2: |
Single Bonds as Neighboring Groups / 22.3: |
Coates' Cation / 22.4: |
A Family of Concerted Rearrangements of Acyl Compounds / 22.5: |
Polyfunctional Natural Products: Carbohydrates / 22.6: |
Nomenclature and Structure / 23.1: |
Reactions of Sugars / 23.2: |
The Ring Size in Glucose / 23.3: |
The Fischer Determination of the Structure of D-Glucose (and the 15 Other Aldohexoses) / 23.4: |
An Introduction to Di- and Polysaccharides / 23.5: |
Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Molecules / 23.6: |
Three-Membered Heterocycles: Oxiranes (Epoxides), Thiiranes (Episulfides), and Aziridines / 24.1: |
Four-Membered Heterocycles: Oxetanes, Thietanes, and Azetidines / 24.2: |
Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles / 24.3: |
Nonaromatic Heterocycles Containing More Than One Heteroatom / 24.4: |
Nitrogen-Containing Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds / 24.5: |
Other Aromatic Heterocycles: Furan and Thiophene / 24.6: |
Aromatic Heterocycles Containing More Than One Heteroatom / 24.7: |
Two-Ring Heterocycles / 24.8: |
Bioactive Heterocycles: Penicillin and Related Antibiotics / 24.9: |
Introduction to Amino Acids and Polyamino Acids (Peptides and Proteins) / 24.10: |
Amino Acids / 25.1: |
Reactions of Amino Acids / 25.2: |
Peptide Chemistry / 25.3: |
Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids / 25.4: |
Key Terms / 25.5: |
Some Commonly Used Abbreviations |
Index |