Figures |
Tables |
Acknowledgments |
Profile of the Author |
Prologue |
What is chemistry? |
Why a history of modern chemistry? |
Toward the Formation of Modern Chemistry / Part 1: |
The road to modern chemistry / 1: |
Chemistry up to the 18th century: The dawn of atomic and molecular science |
The Ancient Origins of Chemistry / 1.1: |
The Development of Pneumatic Chemistry / 1.2: |
Priestley and the quest to fuse science and theology / Column 1: |
Lavoisier and the Chemical Revolution / 1.3: |
A Giant of Chemistry-and a Gifted Bureaucrat: Lavoisier and his Remarkable Wife / Column 2: |
Chemistry and Society in the 18th Century / 1.4: |
References |
The development of modern chemistry / 2: |
Chemistry in the 19th century: The establishment of the concepts of atoms and molecules and the specialization of the discipline into subfields |
Atomic theory and the determination of atomic weights / 2.1: |
The birth of electrochemistry and its impact on chemistry / 2.2: |
Davy, Faraday, and the Royal Institution / Column 3: |
The birth of organic chemistry and the confusion surrounding atoms and molecules / 2.3: |
The establishment and development of organic chemistry / 2.4: |
The periodic law of the elements / 2.5: |
Advances in analytical chemistry and inorganic chemistry / 2.6: |
Thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gas molecules / 2.7: |
The birth and growth of physical chemistry / 2.8: |
Arrhenius and Global Warming / Column 4: |
Pockels and Lord Rayleigh / Column 5: |
Organic chemistry of natural products / 2.9: |
The road to the birth of biochemistry / 2.10: |
The education of chemists / 2.11: |
Liebig and the remaking of chemistry education / Column 6: |
Chemical industries in the 19th century / 2.12: |
The introduction of modern chemistry to Japan / 2.13: |
Hikorokuro Yoshida and Research on Urushi Japanese Lacquer / Column 7: |
The Birth and Development of Modern Chemistry / Part 2: |
The revolution in physics from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century / 3: |
X-rays, radioactivity, discovery of the electron, and quantum chemistry |
The Discovery of the Electron / 3.1: |
The Discovery of X-rays and Early Research / 3.2: |
Lawrence Bragg and the Cavendish Laboratory / Column 8: |
The Discovery of Radioactivity and Isotopes / 3.3: |
The Curies / Column 9: |
The Atom as a Reality / 3.4: |
The Advent of the Quantum Theory / 3.5: |
Structure of the Atom and Quantum Theory / 3.6: |
The Emergence of Quantum Mechanics and Chemistry / 3.7: |
Chemistry in the first half of the 20th century / 4: |
The maturation and expansion of the science of atoms and molecules |
Characteristics of Chemistry in the First Half of the 20th Century / 4.1: |
Physical Chemistry (I): Chemical Thermodynamics and Solution Chemistry / 4.2: |
Physical Chemistry (II): Chemical Bond Theory and Molecular Structure Theory / 4.3: |
The Feud between G.N. Lewis and Langmuir / Column 10: |
J.D. Bernal The Legacy and Complexity of the Sage of Science / Column 11: |
Physical Chemistry (III): Chemical Reaction Theory and the Development of Colloid and Surface Chemistry / 4.4: |
The Birth of Nuclear and Radiochemistry / 4.5: |
The Contributions of Hahn and Meitner to the Discovery of Nuclear Fission / Column 12: |
Analytical Chemistry / 4.6: |
Inorganic chemistry / 4.7: |
Masataka Ogawa and nipponium / Column 13: |
Organic chemistry (I): The birth of physical organic chemistry and polymer chemistry, and the development of synthetic chemistry / 4.8: |
Organic chemistry (II): Organic chemistry of natural products and foundation of biochemistry / 4.9: |
Establishment and development of biochemistry: Dynamic biochemistry / 4.10: |
Sumner's indomitable fighting spirit and controversy over the nature of enzymes / Column 14: |
Development of applied chemistry / 441: |
Haher's glories and tragedies / Column 15: |
Chemistry in Japan / 4.12: |
Gen'itsu Kita and the formation of the Kyoto School / Column 16: |
Chemistry and society / 4.13: |
Contemporary Chemistry / Part 3: |
Chemistry in the second half of the 20th century (I) / 5: |
Advances in the observation, analysis, and fabrication of molecules |
Overall trends / 5.1: |
The situation in Japan |
Characteristic features of the science of chemistry in the second half of the 20th century |
Progress in observational, measurement, and analytical techniques and the maturation of structural chemistry / 5.2: |
Progress in methods of structural analysis: Structural determination via diffraction techniques |
Dramatic progress in microscopy techniques: Direct observation of cells and surface atoms and molecules |
Dorothy Hodgkin and the structural determination of complex molecules / Column 17: |
Advances in optical microscopy |
The life of Osamu Shimomura and the discovery of GFP: A wealth of serendipitous blessings / Column 18: |
The emergence of lasers and the development of molecular spectroscopy: Observations of molecular structure and electronic state |
The development of electron spectroscopy techniques: Observing the inner shells of atoms and the configurations of surfaces |
Magnetic resonance methods: Spectroscopic techniques that use spin as a probe |
Lauterbur and the birth of MRI / Column 19: |
Progress in methods of separation and analysis |
Advances in theoretical and computational chemistry: Understanding and predicting chemical phenomena / 5.3: |
Computational quantum chemistry |
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics |
The increasing precision of chemical reaction studies / 5.4: |
Experimental studies of reaction rates and reaction intermediaries |
Observation of short-lived species and studies of fast reactions |
Dynamics of elemental reactions |
Dynamics of excited molecules |
Photochemistry |
Advances in reaction theory |
Surface reactions and catalytic reactions |
Discovery and synthesis of new substances / 5.5: |
New elements and new material groups |
New synthetic methods for organic compounds |
Synthesis of naturally-occurring organic compounds |
Woodward: A prodigal organic chemist / Column 20: |
Research on the fugu pufferfish and the competition surrounding its structural determination / Column 21: |
Supramolecular chemistry (guest-host chemistry) |
Fullerenes: A new type of carbon compound |
The chemistry of functional and physical properties: The foundations of materials science / 5.6: |
New functional materials |
Electrically conducting substances |
Magnetism and magnetic materials |
Optical properties |
Chemistry of the Earth, the atmosphere, and outer space / 5.7: |
The chemistry of the Earth and its environment |
The chemistry of outer space |
The origins of life |
Chemistry in the second half of the 20th century (II) / 6: |
An understanding of the phenomena of life based on molecules |
Birth of molecular biology and structural biology / 6.1: |
Road to structural analysis of DNA |
Linus Pauling's successes and failures / Column 22: |
Structural analysis of proteins and the birth of structural biology |
Development of biochemistry (I): Chemistry of DNA and RNA / 6.2: |
Transcription and translation of DNA information |
Replication, repair, and lifetime of DNA |
Mullis, an unusual chemist, and the development of PCR / Column 23: |
Manipulating and sequencing nucleic acid |
Sequencing nucleic acid |
Sanger, the two-time Nobel laureate in Chemistry / Column 24: |
Functions of RNA and synthesis and degradation of proteins |
Development of biochemistry (II): Enzymes, metabolism and molecular physiology / 6.3: |
Elucidating enzyme structures and reaction mechanisms |
Developments in metabolic research and their impact |
Biological membranes and membrane transport |
In vivo electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation |
Mitchell, the man who built a laboratory on his own / Column 25: |
Photosynthesis |
Signaling |
Immunity and gene rearrangement |
Reference |
Chemistry from the 20th century into the future / 7: |
20th century chemistry and the Nobel Prize / 7.1: |
20th-century chemistry through the lens of the Nobel Prize in chemistry |
Pauling's predictions and chemistry in the second half of the 20th century |
Chemistry at the dawn of the 21st century / 7.2: |
The changing climate surrounding the practice of science |
The current status of chemistry-and the challenges it faces |
What are the big questions in chemistry? |
The future of chemistry-and what we can expect from it / 7.3: |
Epilogue |
Afterword |
Appendix |
Figure credits |
Name index |
Subject index |