Preface |
Foreword to the first edition / 1: |
Introduction |
Acknowledgements / 2: |
Efficiency and Open Circuit Voltage |
Abbreviations / 3: |
Operational Fuel Cell Voltages |
Symbols / 4: |
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells |
Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells / 5: |
Medium and High Temperature Fuel cells / 6: |
Hydrogen Fuel Cells--Basic Principles / 7: |
Fuelling fuel cells |
Compressors, Turbines, Ejectors, Fans, Blowers and Pumps / 1.2: |
What Limits the Current? |
Delivering Fuel Cell Power / 9: |
Connecting Cells in Series--the Bipolar Plate / 10: |
Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy Calculations |
Useful Fuel Cell Equations / 1.4: |
Gas Supply and Cooling |
Index / 12: |
Fuel Cell Types |
Other Cells--Some Fuel Cells, Some Not / 1.6: |
Biological fuel cells / 1.6.1: |
Metal/air cells / 1.6.2: |
Redox flow cells or regenerative fuel cells / 1.6.3: |
Other Parts of a Fuel Cell System / 1.7: |
Figures Used to Compare Systems / 1.8: |
Advantages and Applications / 1.9: |
References |
Energy and the EMF of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell / 2.1: |
The Open Circuit Voltage of Other Fuel Cells and Batteries / 2.2: |
Efficiency and Efficiency Limits / 2.3: |
Efficiency and the Fuel Cell Voltage / 2.4: |
The Effect of Pressure and Gas Concentration / 2.5: |
The Nernst equation / 2.5.1: |
Hydrogen partial pressure / 2.5.2: |
Fuel and oxidant utilisation / 2.5.3: |
System pressure / 2.5.4: |
An application--blood alcohol measurement / 2.5.5: |
Summary / 2.6: |
Terminology / 3.1: |
Fuel Cell Irreversibilities--Causes of Voltage Drop / 3.3: |
Activation Losses / 3.4: |
The Tafel equation / 3.4.1: |
The constants in the Tafel equation / 3.4.2: |
Reducing the activation overvoltage / 3.4.3: |
Summary of activation overvoltage / 3.4.4: |
Fuel Crossover and Internal Currents / 3.5: |
Ohmic Losses / 3.6: |
Mass Transport or Concentration Losses / 3.7: |
Combining the Irreversibilities / 3.8: |
The Charge Double Layer / 3.9: |
Distinguishing the Different Irreversibilities / 3.10: |
Overview / 4.1: |
How the Polymer Electrolyte Works / 4.2: |
Electrodes and Electrode Structure / 4.3: |
Water Management in the PEMFC / 4.4: |
Overview of the problem / 4.4.1: |
Airflow and water evaporation / 4.4.2: |
Humidity of PEMFC air / 4.4.3: |
Running PEM fuel cells without extra humidification / 4.4.4: |
External humidification--principles / 4.4.5: |
External humidification--methods / 4.4.6: |
PEM Fuel Cell Cooling and Air Supply / 4.5: |
Cooling using the cathode air supply / 4.5.1: |
Separate reactant and cooling air / 4.5.2: |
Water cooling of PEM fuel cells / 4.5.3: |
PEM Fuel Cell Connection--the Bipolar Plate / 4.6: |
Flow field patterns on the bipolar plates / 4.6.1: |
Making bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells / 4.6.3: |
Other topologies / 4.6.4: |
Operating Pressure / 4.7: |
Outline of the problem / 4.7.1: |
Simple quantitative cost/benefit analysis of higher operating pressures / 4.7.2: |
Other factors affecting choice of pressure / 4.7.3: |
Reactant Composition / 4.8: |
Carbon monoxide poisoning / 4.8.1: |
Methanol and other liquid fuels / 4.8.2: |
Using pure oxygen in place of air / 4.8.3: |
Example Systems / 4.9: |
Small 12-W system / 4.9.1: |
Medium 2-kW system / 4.9.2: |
205-kW fuel cell engine / 4.9.3: |
Historical Background and Overview / 5.1: |
Basic principles / 5.1.1: |
Historical importance / 5.1.2: |
Main advantages / 5.1.3: |
Types of Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cell / 5.2: |
Mobile electrolyte / 5.2.1: |
Static electrolyte alkaline fuel cells / 5.2.2: |
Dissolved fuel alkaline fuel cells / 5.2.3: |
Operating Pressure and Temperature / 5.3: |
Electrodes for Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells / 5.4: |
Sintered nickel powder / 5.4.1: |
Raney metals / 5.4.3: |
Rolled electrodes / 5.4.4: |
Cell Interconnections / 5.5: |
Problems and Development / 5.6: |
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells |
Anode Reaction and Catalysts / 6.1: |
Overall DMFC reaction / 6.2.1: |
Anode reactions in the alkaline DMFC / 6.2.2: |
Anode reactions in the PEM direct methanol FC / 6.2.3: |
Anode fuel feed / 6.2.4: |
Anode catalysts / 6.2.5: |
Electrolyte and Fuel Crossover / 6.3: |
How fuel crossover occurs / 6.3.1: |
Standard techniques for reducing fuel crossover / 6.3.2: |
Fuel crossover techniques in development / 6.3.3: |
Cathode Reactions and Catalysts / 6.4: |
Methanol Production, Storage, and Safety / 6.5: |
Methanol production / 6.5.1: |
Methanol safety / 6.5.2: |
Methanol compared to ethanol / 6.5.3: |
Methanol storage / 6.5.4: |
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications / 6.6: |
Medium and High Temperature Fuel Cells |
Common Features / 7.1: |
An introduction to fuel reforming / 7.2.1: |
Fuel utilisation / 7.2.2: |
Bottoming cycles / 7.2.3: |
The use of heat exchangers--exergy and pinch technology / 7.2.4: |
The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) / 7.3: |
How it works / 7.3.1: |
Performance of the PAFC / 7.3.2: |
Recent developments in PAFC / 7.3.3: |
The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) / 7.4: |
Implications of using a molten carbonate electrolyte / 7.4.1: |
Cell components in the MCFC / 7.4.3: |
Stack configuration and sealing / 7.4.4: |
Internal reforming / 7.4.5: |
Performance of MCFCS / 7.4.6: |
Practical MCFC systems / 7.4.7: |
The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell / 7.5: |
SOFC components / 7.5.1: |
Practical design and stacking arrangements for the SOFC / 7.5.3: |
SOFC performance / 7.5.4: |
SOFC combined cycles, novel system designs and hybrid systems / 7.5.5: |
Intermediate temperature SOFCs / 7.5.6: |
Fuelling Fuel Cells |
Fossil Fuels / 8.1: |
Petroleum / 8.2.1: |
Petroleum in mixtures: tar sands, oil shales, gas hydrates, and LPG / 8.2.2: |
Coal and coal gases / 8.2.3: |
Natural gas / 8.2.4: |
Bio-Fuels / 8.3: |
The Basics of Fuel Processing / 8.4: |
Fuel cell requirements / 8.4.1: |
Desulphurisation / 8.4.2: |
Steam reforming / 8.4.3: |
Carbon formation and pre-reforming / 8.4.4: |
Direct hydrocarbon oxidation / 8.4.5: |
Partial oxidation and autothermal reforming / 8.4.7: |
Hydrogen generation by pyrolysis or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons / 8.4.8: |
Further fuel processing--carbon monoxide removal / 8.4.9: |
Practical Fuel Processing--Stationary Applications / 8.5: |
Conventional industrial steam reforming / 8.5.1: |
System designs for natural gas fed PEMFC and PAFC plants with steam reformers / 8.5.2: |
Reformer and partial oxidation designs / 8.5.3: |
Practical Fuel Processing--Mobile Applications / 8.6: |
General issues / 8.6.1: |
Methanol reforming for vehicles / 8.6.2: |
Micro-scale methanol reactors / 8.6.3: |
Gasoline reforming / 8.6.4: |
Electrolysers / 8.7: |
Operation of electrolysers / 8.7.1: |
Applications of electrolysers / 8.7.2: |
Electrolyser efficiency / 8.7.3: |
Generating at high pressure / 8.7.4: |
Photo-electrolysis / 8.7.5: |
Biological Production of Hydrogen / 8.8: |
Photosynthesis / 8.8.1: |
Hydrogen production by digestion processes / 8.8.3: |
Hydrogen Storage I--Storage as Hydrogen / 8.9: |
Introduction to the problem / 8.9.1: |
Safety / 8.9.2: |
The storage of hydrogen as a compressed gas / 8.9.3: |
Storage of hydrogen as a liquid / 8.9.4: |
Reversible metal hydride hydrogen stores / 8.9.5: |
Carbon nanofibres / 8.9.6: |
Storage methods compared / 8.9.7: |
Hydrogen Storage II--Chemical Methods / 8.10: |
Methanol / 8.10.1: |
Alkali metal hydrides / 8.10.3: |
Sodium borohydride / 8.10.4: |
Ammonia / 8.10.5: |
Compressors, Turbines, Ejectors, Fans, Blowers, and Pumps / 8.10.6: |
Compressors--Types Used / 9.1: |
Compressor Efficiency / 9.3: |
Compressor Power / 9.4: |
Compressor Performance Charts / 9.5: |
Performance Charts for Centrifugal Compressors / 9.6: |
Compressor Selection--Practical Issues / 9.7: |
Turbines / 9.8: |
Turbochargers / 9.9: |
Ejector Circulators / 9.10: |
Fans and Blowers / 9.11: |
Membrane/Diaphragm Pumps / 9.12: |
DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion / 10.1: |
Switching devices / 10.2.1: |
Switching regulators / 10.2.2: |
Inverters / 10.3: |
Single phase / 10.3.1: |
Three phase / 10.3.2: |
Regulatory issues and tariffs / 10.3.3: |
Power factor correction / 10.3.4: |
Electric Motors / 10.4: |
General points / 10.4.1: |
The induction motor / 10.4.2: |
The brushless DC motor / 10.4.3: |
Switched reluctance motors / 10.4.4: |
Motors efficiency / 10.4.5: |
Motor mass / 10.4.6: |
Fuel Cell/Battery or Capacitor Hybrid Systems / 10.5: |
Fuel Cell Systems Analysed |
Energy Systems / 11.1: |
Well-To-Wheels Analysis / 11.3: |
Importance of well-to-wheels analysis / 11.3.1: |
Well-to-tank analysis / 11.3.2: |
Main conclusions of the GM well-to-wheels study / 11.3.3: |
Power-Train or Drive-Train Analysis / 11.4: |
Example System I--PEMFC Powered Bus / 11.5: |
Example System II--Stationary Natural Gas Fuelled System / 11.6: |
Flow sheet and conceptual systems designs / 11.6.1: |
Detailed engineering designs / 11.6.3: |
Further systems analysis / 11.6.4: |
Closing Remarks / 11.7: |
Hydrogen Fuel Cell / Appendix 1: |
The Carbon Monoxide Fuel Cell / A1.2: |
Oxygen and Air Usage / Appendix 2: |
Air Exit Flow Rate / A2.3: |
Hydrogen Usage / A2.4: |
Water Production / A2.5: |
Heat Produced / A2.6: |